海军元帅约翰·阿巴斯诺特·“傑基”·费舍尔,第一代费舍尔男爵,[1]GCB,OM,GCVO[?](Admiral of the Fleet John Arbuthnot "Jacky" Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher,1841年1月25日—1920年7月10日),英国海军将领,因推行海军改革而知名。在长达60年的军旅生涯中,他对皇家海军发挥了巨大的影响力。在他入伍时,海军尚在使用装备前装炮的木质风帆战舰,到他退役时,海军已经使用钢质战列巡洋舰、潜艇和航空母舰。喜好争辩、充满活力、思想前卫的费舍尔常被人称为英国海军史上仅次于纳尔逊勋爵的重要人物。
约翰·阿巴斯诺特·费舍尔,1841年1月25日生于錫蘭威福登庄园(Wavenden Estate)。[13][14]他的母亲是苏菲亚·费舍尔(Sophie Fisher),而他的父亲则是陆军上尉威廉·费舍尔(Captain William Fisher)。威廉是第78高地步兵团(78th Highlanders)的军官,曾任当地总督罗伯特·威尔莫特-霍尔顿爵士(Sir Robert Wilmot-Horton)的副官。此外,威廉曾在康提任职参谋。他在家中排行第一,一共有十一个兄弟姊妹。不过,他有四个兄弟姊妹不幸早夭。[13]费舍尔曾说,“我的母亲是非常出色美丽的年轻女子...我的父亲也非常英俊。至于我为何那么丑陋,就是一个生理学不解难题了。”[15]
儿子出生后,威廉出售了军职,经营咖啡种植园。后来他还成为了總警司。为了经营种植园,他积累了不少债务,难以支撑成员不断增加的家庭。[16]约翰6岁时被家人送回英国,在伦敦新邦德街(New Bond Street)和外祖父查尔斯·拉姆(Charles Lambe)一起居住。他的外祖父也不富裕,需要出租家中的房间维持生计。[17]约翰的胞弟弗雷德里克(Frederic)后来加入皇家海军,最终取得了海军上将军衔。[18]而他另一个胞弟菲利普(Philip)在遇上风暴溺水身亡之前是亚特兰大号(HMS Atalanta)上面的海军上尉。[19]
1860年7月12日,他又被调到明轮小型风帆战船狂怒号(HMS Furious)。他在这艘船上面参加了多次战斗,令所获的中国奖章(China Service Medal)加上大沽和广州横条。[31]狂怒号在1861年3月脱离中国舰队,悠闲地返国,在8月30日抵达朴茨茅斯支薪。[31]这艘船的舰长海军上校奥利弗·琼斯(Captain Oliver Jones)和沙德韦尔上校完全不同。费舍尔写道他上船后不久,就有船员发动叛变,企图推翻恐吓船员,违抗上级命令的舰长。不过,费舍尔最后还是给琼斯留下了深刻印象。[33]
1869年8月2日,费舍尔以二十八岁之龄成为中校(Commander)。[38][39]11月8日,他获任为HMS多尼戈尔号(HMS Donegal)副舰长。正舰长是参加过克里米亚战争的维多利亚十字勋章获得者休伊特上校(Captain Hewett)。[40]多尼戈尔号是螺旋桨辅助推进的征服者级风帆战列舰(Conqueror-class ship of the line)。这艘战列舰在朴茨茅斯和香港之间航行,将换班人员带回本土,将替代人员带到岗位。[40]这段时间里他完成了有关鱼雷的论文。[41]
1870年5月,他再到中国舰队旗舰海洋号(HMS Ocean)担任副舰长。[40]他在舰上写下了海军战术(Naval Tactics)这一份八页的研究报告。海军上校J·G·古迪纳夫(Captain J. G. Goodenough)印刷了这份报告作内部传阅的用途。[42]他在舰上安装了一个电点火系统,令所有舰炮得以同时开火。海洋号因此成为了历史上第一艘具备类似系统的船只。费舍尔在信中表示他非常记挂妻子,想重拾兴趣研究鱼雷,并且希望得到一个本土职位方便会见重要人物。[43]
1877年3月2日,费舍尔获任为柏勒洛丰号(HMS Bellerophon)的舰长。这艘战舰是北美及西印度舰队总指挥阿斯特利·库珀-凯(Astley Cooper-Key)的旗舰。柏勒洛丰号当时在船坞进行维修,所以新船员状态不佳。费舍尔向他们说,他准备将他们带入地狱三个月,假如他们未能达到他的要求,接下来的另外三个月,他们也要在地狱渡过。[48]准少尉A·H·戈登·摩尔(Midshipman A. H. Gordon Moore)说费舍尔是一个非常严格的老师,他经常被迫执行漫长而艰苦的任务,比如说长时间待在发动机室,在冷雾环绕的地方发电报。就算是最少的疏忽都会受他惩罚。他想费舍尔鼓励他们的方式就是在他们完成了特别艰苦的工作后,给予他们某种形式的奖励。[49]
1879年9月25日,他到利奥波德·麦克林托克爵士(Sir Leopold McClintock)的北美分舰队(North American Squadron),出任旗舰北安普敦号(HMS Northampton)的舰长。北安普敦号是一艘新近建成的战舰,采用了包括雙螺旋漿、探照灯、电话以及鱼雷在内的一系列新发明。战舰也安装了汤姆森的新型罗盘。汤姆森亲自登舰调整发明,用了三日也没有成功,脾气变得越来越暴躁,最终意外发现罗盘只刻了359度。[51]舰上的新发明还有海军上校菲利普·哥伦布(Captain Philip Colomb)的照明灯。当哥伦布也亲自到舰上观察发明的表现时,费舍尔开了一个玩笑,故意将事情安排得不利于照明灯工作,令哥伦布心灰意冷。有一次,他被迫向哈利法克斯的海军医院送出旗帜庆祝英女皇寿辰,不过,他又开了一个玩笑,送出了分别代表出现瘟疫、处于隔离的黄旗和黑旗。虽然他有时会开玩笑,但是他在其余时间还是用尽全力改善战舰。副舰长海军中校威尔莫特·福克斯(Commander Wilmot Fawkes)称北安普敦号在两周之内载上鱼雷航行了150程,而海军其余的舰只一年只航行150程。[52]
载有费舍尔幼弟的训练舰亚特兰大号(HMS Atalanta)在西印度和英国之间的海面消失,相信舰只是因为风暴失事。北安普顿号也是搜救舰只之一,不过各舰最终都无功而返。1881年1月,费舍尔获任为新建铁甲舰不屈号(HMS Inflexible)舰长。麥克林托克上将称:“人人都为他的离开而感到惋惜......自从他获任为不屈号舰长的消息传到这里以后,他的精神就回到我们之间,并且每日变强。”[53]因为不屈号当时还未完成,所以他在等待的时间里在朴茨茅斯担任威灵顿公爵号(HMS Duke of Wellington)的舰长。
1886年11月,他上任为海军军械总局局长(Director of Naval Ordnance),管理武器和弹药。他主持研发速射炮,以应对日益严重的鱼雷艇威胁。他还决定不再在各舰上装备用于登舰的长矛。海军无权管理武器、弹药的制造和供应。掌管这一事务的是陆军部(War Office)。费舍尔开始争取改变这一状况,不过,他的目标一直等到他担任第一海务大臣时才可以实现。1887年,他获任为女王的副官。[58]1890年,他获晋升为海军少将。[59]
海军上将
1891年5月,费舍尔到朴茨茅斯担任港口总监(Admiral-Superintendent)。他致力于提高海军基地的效率。他将建造君权号(HMS Royal Sovereign)露天炮塔的建造时间由两日缩减到两小时,而全舰的建造时间也由三年缩减至两年。无论是海军船坞,抑或是私人船坞,都竞相效仿他的做法缩减造船时间、造船开支,使新设计的战舰更快服役。他在任职总监时用尽一切小技巧。他将不愿走出办公室监督工作的人调到海岛;他找出一两个工人的名字,然后在他们工作时称赞他们,特意提到他们的名字,让人以为他对所有人都相当了解;他将椅子和桌子搬到工地,表明工程不完成他就不离开。他说“你要在有人告诉你事情是不可能的、障碍时不可跨越的时候,用尽全力战斗。”[60]
1912年,他获任为“皇家燃油调查委员会”(Royal Commission to enquire into Liquid Fuel)主席,他的观点是整个海军都应该转用燃油。[99]委员会的第一份“秘密”级别的报告在1912年11月27日提交,而第二份报告和第三份报告则分别在1913年2月27日和1914年2月10日提交。[100]
他的棺木由蓝衫者驾驶的运炮马车载到西敏寺,伴随队伍的鼓声沉重缓慢。护柩者是六位海军上将,除此之外,皇家海军陆战队也有在一旁护卫棺木。[107]当晚,他的遗体在戈尔德斯格林火葬场(Golders Green Crematorium)接受火化。他的骨灰接下来由火车运到基尔维斯顿堂,这时护卫棺木的是皇家海军仪仗队。他的安葬在一棵粟树下,在妻子旁边。粟树所俯视的是他第一艘远洋战舰加尔各答号的船首人像装饰。[108]
Bacon, Admiral Sir Reginald Hugh. The Life of Lord Fisher of Kilverstone Vol 1 New York (1929): Doubleday. Facsimile edition (2007): ISBN 978-1-4325-9362-9. Original edition published London, Hodder and stoughton Limited, October 1929.
Bacon, Admiral Sir Reginald Hugh. The Life of Lord Fisher of Kilverstone Vol 2 New York (1929): Doubleday. Facsimile edition (2007): ISBN 978-1-4325-9351-3. Original edition Published London, Hodder and Stoughton Limited.
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Hough, Richard. Edward and Alexandra: Their Private And Public Lives, London Hodder & Stoddart, 1992
Mackay, Ruddock F. Fisher of Kilverstone. London: Oxford University Press, 1973.
Marder, Arthur. Fear God and Dread Nought: Correspondence of Admiral of the fleet Lord Fisher, London, Johnathan Cape, 3 vols 1952-59.
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Penn, Geoffrey. "Fisher, Churchill and the Dardanelles", Great Britain, Pen & Sword Books, 1999. ISBN 978-0-85052-646-2
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Fisher, Lord, Admiral of the fleet Memories and Records, 2 vols, New York: George H. Doran, 1920.
Fisher, John Arbuthnot Fisher, Baron. Memories, by the Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Fisher. London, New York [etc.]: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919. Archive.org facsimile.
Fisher, John Arbuthnot Fisher, Baron. Records, by the Admiral of the Fleet, Lord Fisher London, New York: Hodder and Stoughton, 1919.
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Heathcote, T. A. The British Admirals of the Fleet 1734 - 1995. Great Britain: Pen & Sword Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0-85052-835-0
Lambert, Nicholas A. Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1999. ISBN 978-1-57003-492-3
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French virologist and Nobel laureate (1932–2022) Luc MontagnierMontagnier in 2008Born(1932-08-18)18 August 1932Chabris, Indre, FranceDied8 February 2022(2022-02-08) (aged 89)Neuilly-sur-Seine, FranceAlma mater University of Poitiers University of Paris Known forCo-discoverer of HIVAwards 1986 Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine[1] 1988 Japan Prize 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Scientific careerFieldsVirologyInstitutions Pasteur Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong ...
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U.S. Senate election in Louisiana This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: 1954 United States Senate election in Louisiana – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1954 Democratic Senate primary election in Louisiana ← ...
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