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硝酸铜

硝酸铜
IUPAC名
Copper(II) nitrate
别名 硝酸铜(II)
识别
CAS号 3251-23-8  checkY
10031-43-3(三水)  checkY
13478-38-1(六水)  checkY
19004-19-4(2.5水)  checkY
PubChem 18616
ChemSpider 17582
SMILES
 
  • [Cu+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O
InChI
 
  • 1/Cu.2NO3/c;2*2-1(3)4/q+2;2*-1
InChIKey XTVVROIMIGLXTD-UHFFFAOYAG
ChEBI 78036
RTECS GL7875000
性质
化学式 Cu(NO3)2
摩尔质量 (无水) 187.57 g/mol
(三水) 241.60 g/mol
(2.5水) 232.59 g·mol⁻¹
外观 蓝色晶体
密度 2.32 g/cm3 (三水)
熔点 114.5 °C (三水)
210 °C 升华 (无水)
沸点 170 °C 分解
溶解性 138 g/100 mL (0 °C) (三水)
危险性
警示术语 R:R22, R36/37/38, R48/20/21/22, R66
MSDS Cu(NO3)2.3H2O
主要危害 无毒,刺激性
NFPA 704
0
1
0
OX
相关物质
相关化学品 硫酸铜氯化铜
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

硝酸铜是铜(II)硝酸盐,化学式为Cu(NO3)2。无水物和水合物都是蓝色晶体,但性质有很大不同。水合硝酸铜常用于在学校中演示原电池反应。

性质

水合硝酸铜与无水硝酸铜性质有很大差异。

无水物

亮蓝色的无水硝酸铜(Cu(NO3)2)是一种易挥发的固体,在真空中升华。气态时,Cu(NO3)2单体为平面正方结构,每个Cu原子与四个氧原子相连,冷凝时则发生聚合。[1]

气态时Cu(NO3)2单体的大致结构。[2]

水合物

含2.5个结晶水的Cu(NO3)2(H2O)2.5中,中心铜被水分子和硝酸根包围,为八面体配位。[1]

该水合物在170 °C左右分解为氧化铜二氧化氮氧气

2Cu(NO3)2(s) → 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

可通过热分解硝酸铜并将产生的气体导入水中来制取硝酸。该方法与奥斯瓦法最后一步类似。

2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO

浸过硝酸铜的薄木条在火焰下发出翡翠绿色的光,加入硝酸镁则会产生橙绿色。

合成

含水的Cu(NO3)2加热会水解生成碱式盐,进一步加热分解为氧化铜,因此无法通过加热水合物来制取无水硝酸铜。

无水Cu(NO3)2可由金属铜与N2O4反应制备:[3]

Cu + 2N2O4 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO

硝酸铜也可由铜与硝酸银溶液发生置换反应得到。

有机合成中的应用

硝酸铜与乙酸酐的混合物(Menke condition)以发现的荷兰化学家命名,是有机合成中有用的硝化剂,用于芳香化合物的硝化[4]

硝酸铜承载到黏土(蒙脱土)上后,称为粘土铜试剂(Claycop),可用于氧化硫醇二硫化物,转化缩硫醛为羰基化合物,[5]以及硝化芳香化合物,[6]从而避免大量使用混酸造成的环境污染。

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Wells, A.F. Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1984). ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
  2. ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
  3. ^ Jolly, W. L. "The Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Compounds" Prentice Hall, London, 1970
  4. ^ Menke J.B. Nitration with nitrates. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Payes-Bas. 1925, 44: 141. 
  5. ^ Balogh, M. "Copper(II) Nitrate–K10 Bentonite Clay" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. DOI: 10.1002/047084289.
  6. ^ Collet, C.; Delville, A.; Laszlo, P. “Clays Direct Aromatic Nitration” Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, 2003, Volume 29, Issue 5 , Pages 535 - 536. DOI 10.1002/anie.199005351.

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