甲申之變

甲申之變
明末民變的一部分
日期1644年4月21-25日
崇禎十七年三月十五至十九日)
地点
结果 明思宗戰敗自縊身亡,明朝滅亡;明遺臣吳三桂以放清軍入關報復。
领土变更 大順軍成功攻佔北京
参战方
大明 大順
指挥官与领导者
明思宗朱由檢(自殺) 闖王李自成
兵力
約250,000人 遠超明軍人數
伤亡与损失
至少40,000人死亡
(含錦衣衛25,000人)
待補

甲申之變(另稱甲申北京圍城戰)為1644年4月21至25日(崇禎十七年三月十五至十九日、歲次甲申),李自成大順軍攻打明朝首都北京的圍城戰。最終崇禎帝於戰敗城破後自縊,並間接導致吳三桂後來引清兵入關以圖消滅大順軍。史界一般以此戰作為明朝滅亡的時間點。

该事件亦是北京作為明朝首都後首次被非政府軍隊佔領。

經過

1644年4月21日(崇禎十七年三月十五日),大順軍(即「闖軍」)李自成居庸关明朝监军太监杜之秩总兵唐通不战而降,同时,刘芳亮率领南路军,东出固关后,真定太守丘茂华游击谢素福出降,大学士李建泰保定投降。

三月十六日,李自成部过昌平,抵沙河。十七日进高碑店西直门,以大砲轟城,入午攻打阜成門廣寧門。夜半,守城太監曹化淳率先打開外城西側的廣寧門,闖軍由此進入今復興門南郊一帶。三月十八日,李自成派在昌平投降的太監杜勳入城與崇禎帝秘密談判。據《小腆紀年附考》卷四載,李自成提出的條件為:「人馬強眾,議割西北一帶,分國王,並犒賞軍百萬,退守河南……闖既受封,願為朝廷內遏群寇,尤能以勁兵助剿遼藩。但不奉與覲耳。」雙方談判破裂。

三月十九日清晨,兵部尚书张缙彦主动打开正阳门,迎刘宗敏所部军,中午,李自成由太监王德化引导,从德胜门入,经承天门步入内殿。此時崇禎带著太监王承恩煤山瞭望,又返回乾清宫,大臣皆己逃散,最後崇禎前往煤山自縊。李自成下令將崇禎皇帝“礼葬”,在东华门外设厂公祭,后移入佛寺。二十七日,葬于田贵妃墓中。

李自成入住紫禁城,封宮女竇美儀為妃。大順軍入北京之初,兵不满二万[1],李自成下令:“敢有伤人及掠人财物妇女者杀无赦!”[2]京城秩序尚好,店舖營業如常,“有二贼掠缎铺,立剐于棋盘街。民间大喜,安堵如故”[3]。但從二十七日起,大順軍開始拷掠明官,四處抄家,规定助饷额为“中堂;十万;部院京堂锦衣:七万或五万、三万;吏部:五万、三万;翰林:三万、二万、一万;部属而下则各以千计”[4]刘宗敏制作了五千具夹棍,“木皆生棱,用钉相连,以夹人无不骨碎。”[5]城中恐怖氣氛逐漸凝重,人心惶惶,“凡拷夹百官,大抵家资万金者,过逼二三万,数稍不满,再行严比,夹打炮烙,备极惨毒,不死不休”[6],“牵魏藻德方岳贡邱瑜陈演李遇知等,勋戚冉兴让张国纪徐允祯张世泽等八百人追赃助饷。”[7]谈迁枣林杂俎》称死者有1,600餘人。李自成手下士卒搶掠,臣將驕奢,“杀人无虚日,大抵兵丁掠抢民财者也”[8]。四月十四日,西长安街出现告示:“明朝天数未尽,人思效忠,定于本月二十日立东宫为皇帝,改元义兴元年。”十三日,由李自成亲率十萬大軍奔赴山海关征讨镇守山海关的明将吴三桂,留守北京者为刘芳亮与李岩[9]

後續

在李自成的大顺军包围北京城时,崇祯皇帝召镇守山海关辽东总兵吴三桂前来勤王,但吴三桂抵達北直豐潤時,北京城已被大顺军攻陷,崇祯皇帝自杀,吴三桂于是引兵退保山海關。李自成曾多次招降,吳三桂再三猶豫,曾一度有投降李自成的念頭。據傳后来听说其愛妾陳圓圓被李自成部下擄去而作罢。两面受敌的吴三桂,对内不敌李自成,对外难挡清朝摄政王多尔衮。陈圆圆和吴家亲人都成了李自成的人质。为保全家人性命,吴答应与李自成议和,为防李自成有诈,又私下以黄河南北分治为条件向多尔衮求助。多尔衮复信吴三桂,许诺封他为清朝平西王,变合作关系为受降关系。

而在京的李自成,因害怕清兵入關,決定「滅吳保關」,於是發兵二十餘萬,四月十三,由李自成親率大軍,奔赴山海關攻討吳三桂。四月廿二,吳軍初敗,吳三桂求救於多尔衮,多尔衮将计就计,趁吴三桂与李自成谈判之机,突然向李自成发动攻击。李自成却以为上了吴三桂的当,他认定吴三桂“引狼入室”,于是將吴三桂全家族滅。吴三桂为报杀父親與一家之仇,放清军入关追剿李自成的部队。多尔衮率满洲八旗四萬人、蒙古八旗二萬人、汉军八旗約三萬人以及孔有德等统率的约两万天祜兵、天助兵,加上包衣外藩蒙古兵、朝鲜军合计十二万清兵一同攻入山海關,在一片石之战中联合吴三桂击溃李自成的大顺军。清軍入北京之後,多尔衮把年幼的清世祖顺治帝以及朝廷由東北的盛京遷都北京,入主中原,是為清兵入關

多爾袞封吳三桂为平西王作為報酬,埋下了日後三藩之變的種子。

文藝作品

清朝黃燮清以此戰役為背景,並以周世顯長平公主作主角,創作崑劇帝女花》。

参考文献

引用

  1. ^ 李天根,《爝火录》卷一:“贼破京城,兵不满二万,而孩子居其半,京师自守不固,非贼之能攻也。合料贼众并唐通,白广恩陈永福之兵不过五六万耳”
  2. ^ 刘尚友:《定思小纪》,69页,浙江古籍出版社
  3. ^ 流寇志》,卷10,161页
  4. ^ 《甲申核真略》
  5. ^ 甲申纪事
  6. ^ 明季北略》卷20
  7. ^ 怀陵流寇始终录》,卷18,334~335页。
  8. ^ 甲申传信录
  9. ^ 赵士锦甲申纪事》说,“惟留李岩居东城,牛金星居朝中,以为守备。”陈济生《再生纪略》说,“伪相牛及贺(有威)、郭(之纬)两伪将留守京师”《甲申传信录》说,“制将军李過贺锦二将留守京都,禁约军丁。”杨士聪甲申核真略》说,“惟留一姓李伪都督居东,与牛金星共为守备。”在《平寇志》和《怀陵流寇始终录》说,李牟和牛金星“以老弱万人守京师。”《鹿樵纪闻》则说李过留守。談遷《国榷》记“牛金星、李牟、李友等居守。”

书籍

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