Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

水合氯醛

水合氯醛
IUPAC名
2,2,2-trichloroethan-1,1-diol
2,2,2-三氯-1,1-乙二醇
英文名 Chloral hydrate
别名 水合三氯乙醛、水化氯醛、含水氯醛、三氯乙二醇
识别
CAS号 302-17-0  checkY
PubChem 2707
ChemSpider 2606
SMILES
 
  • ClC(Cl)(Cl)C(O)O
InChI
 
  • 1/C2H3Cl3O2/c3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h1,6-7H
InChIKey RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYAY
EINECS 206-117-5
ChEBI 28142
RTECS FM875000
DrugBank DB01563
KEGG D00265
性质
化学式 C2H3Cl3O2
摩尔质量 165.40 g·mol⁻¹
外观 无色固体
密度 1.91 g/cm3
熔点 57 °C(330 K)
沸点 98 °C(371 K)
药理学
妊娠分类 C (美国)
给药途径 口服液/胶浆、灌肠
药代动力学
迅速吸收
在肝脏内代谢为活性的三氯乙醇,三氯乙醇进一步与葡糖醛酸结合而失活,经肾脏排出
8-10小时 (血浆中)
胆汁、粪便、尿液
危险性
警示术语 R:R22, R36, R37, R38
MSDS MSDS
欧盟分类 有害 (Xn)
相关物质
相关化学品 三氯乙醛三氯叔丁醇
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

水合氯醛,又称水合三氯乙醛,是三氯乙醛水合物化学式C2H3Cl3O2,用作有机合成中间体、催眠药抗惊厥药

纯水合氯醛是无色透明有强烈辛辣气味的单斜片状结晶固体,味微苦,有挥发性。易溶于水、乙醇氯仿甘油乙醚丙酮丁酮,微溶于二硫化碳石油醚甲苯。遇碱分解为氯仿甲酸盐。遇热释放出有毒有刺激性的气体。加热到98°C时分解为三氯乙醛和水。

制取

乙醇在酸性溶液中被氯气氯化得到三氯乙醛。它首先由尤斯图斯·冯·李比希于1832年通过此法制备出来。[1][2] 反应若在碱性条件下进行,则发生卤仿反应,生成氯仿

4 Cl2 + C2H5OH + H2O → Cl3CCH(OH)2 + 5 HCl

将三氯乙醛、对苯二酚碳酸钙碳酸钠混合加热至90℃,减压蒸馏,收集30℃(5.32-10.64kPa)馏分,得精制三氯乙醛。搅拌下缓缓加入0.182倍量的水,至反应液成粥状,静置结晶。过滤,低温干燥,得水合氯醛。[3]

用途

有机合成

水合氯醛在工业上可用于合成滴滴涕敌百虫等农药。水合氯醛与硫酸的混合物经蒸馏可得三氯乙醛。水合氯醛与苯胺羟胺在硫酸中缩合环化可得靛红[4]

催眠药

水合氯醛的催眠作用首先于1869年发现。由于水合氯醛很容易合成,因此自此以后它便成为广泛使用的催眠药。[5]

水合氯醛用于治疗失眠烦躁不安惊厥,是19世纪末和20世纪前期时很常用的催眠药,当时很多明星的死亡都与水合氯醛服药过量或其副作用有关,比如玛丽莲·梦露约翰·丁达尔(John Tyndall)。在20世纪中期时很大程度上被巴比妥类药物[6]以及此后的苯二氮䓬类药物所代替。也曾用作基础麻醉的辅助用药,但目前已很少使用。在中華人民共和國,知名的水合氯醛使用者是中國共產黨中央委員會主席毛澤東,是為了治療困擾已久的失眠症。 一般以口服溶液、胶浆或灌肠方式给药。口服催眠剂量30分钟即可诱导入睡,持续4-8小时,醒后无不适感。催眠作用温和,无明显后作用。大剂量可引起昏迷和麻醉,抑制延髓呼吸及血管运动中枢,导致死亡。对肾和肝有损害。催眠机理可能与巴比妥类药物类似。因此水合氯醛被用作强奸犯罪前使用的催眠药。

在体内可被迅速吸收。大部分分布于肝脏和其他组织内,1小时达高峰,维持4-8小时。水合氯醛在体内很快被乙醇脱氢酶还原为三氯乙醇;三氯乙醇是发生催眠作用的主要物质。三氯乙醇的血浆半衰期约为8小时,它与葡糖醛酸结合而失活,经肾脏排出。

参考资料

  1. ^ Justus Liebig. Ueber die Zersetzung des Alkohols durch Chlor. Annalen der Pharmacie. 1832, 1 (1): 31–32. doi:10.1002/jlac.18320010109. 
  2. ^ Justus Liebig. Ueber die Verbindungen, welche durch die Einwirkung des Chlors auf Alkohol, Aether, ölbildendes Gas und Essiggeist entstehen. Annalen der Pharmacie. 1832, 1 (2): 182–230. doi:10.1002/jlac.18320010203. 
  3. ^ 2,2,2-三氯-1,1-乙二醇;水化氯醛;含水氯醛;水合三氯乙醛;水合氯醛;三氯乙二醇. 化工引擎. [2009-05-22]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  4. ^ C. S. Marvel and G. S. Hiers (1941). "Isatin". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 1: 327. 
  5. ^ Liebreich, Oskar. Das Chloralhydrat : ein neues Hypnoticum und Anaestheticum und dessen Anwendung in der Medicin ; eine Arzneimittel-Untersuchung. Berlin: Müller. 1869. 
  6. ^ Tariq, Syed H. and Shailaja Pulisetty; “Pharmacotherapy for Insomnia”, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine (24), 2008 p. 93-105 PMID 18035234
Read more information:

John Wilmot, 1st Baron Wilmot of Selmeston John Charles Wilmot, 1st Baron Wilmot of Selmeston PC (2 April 1893 – 22 Juli 1964) adalah seorang politikus Partai Buruh Britania Raya.[1] Ia menjabat di bawah kepemimpinan Clement Attlee sebagai Menteri Produksi Pesawat dari 1945 sampai 1946 dan sebagai Menteri Pemasok dari 1945 sampai 1947. Referensi ^ Ben Pimlott, ‘Wilmot, John Charles, Baron Wilmot of Selmeston (1893–1964)’, rev. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography…

إعياء المهن التي تتطلب ساعات عمل طويلة أو سهر ليلي تؤدي إلى الإعياء.المهن التي تتطلب ساعات عمل طويلة أو سهر ليلي تؤدي إلى الإعياء. معلومات عامة الاختصاص رعاية أولية  من أنواع علامة سريرية  الأسباب الأسباب احتراق نفسي مهني،  وانقطاع النفس النومي،  وأرق،  وتوتر، …

For other uses, see Kang. This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (November 2022) Village in Punjab, IndiaKangVillageKangLocation in Punjab, IndiaShow map of PunjabKangKang (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 31°03′43″N 76°04′00″E / 31.0619502°N 76.0667502°E / 31.0619502; 76.0667502Country IndiaStatePunjabDistrictShaheed Bhagat Singh Nag…

Para otros usos de este término, véase La Barranca (desambiguación). La Barranca Datos generalesOrigen Ciudad de México,  MéxicoEstado ActivoInformación artísticaGénero(s) RockPeríodo de actividad 1994 - actualmenteDiscográfica(s) FoncaBMG AriolaMw RecordsMCA RecordsOpción SónicaUniversal MusicFractal RecordsDiscos ManicomioArtistas relacionados CaifanesJaguaresSangre AstekaSanta Sabina (banda)Cecilia ToussaintWebSitio web Sitio OficialMiembros José Manuel AguileraErn…

Jacklyn 2GenrePetualanganAksiLagaKeluargaSutradaraTanaka KurniawanPemeranYuni SukarmanMarcelino LefrandtErvie MamiekSlametAldonaHengky TornandoSandy TerorehFrans IndonesianusM. TanakaPenggubah lagu temaYounky SoewarnoLagu pembukaWe Are One (AB Three)Lagu penutupWe Are One (AB Three)Negara asalIndonesiaBahasa asliIndonesiaJmlh. episodebelum diketahuiProduksiProduser eksekutifbelum diketahuiProduserCharles GozaliLokasi produksiJakartaPenyuntingCharles GozaliPengaturan kamerabelum diketahuiDurasi60…

Fencing at the Olympics Men's team foilat the Games of the XXI OlympiadVenueUniversity of MontréalDates24–25 July 1976Competitors63 from 14 nationsMedalists Thomas Bach Harald Hein Klaus Reichert Matthias Behr Erk Sens-Gorius  West Germany Carlo Montano Fabio Dal Zotto Stefano Simoncelli Giovanni Battista Coletti Attilio Calatroni  Italy Daniel Revenu Christian Noël Didier Flament Bernard Talvard Frédéric Pietruszka  France← 19721980 → Fen…

French historian (1886–1944) Marc BlochBorn(1886-07-06)6 July 1886Lyon, French Third RepublicDied16 June 1944(1944-06-16) (aged 57)Saint-Didier-de-Formans, Vichy FranceCause of deathExecution by firing squadResting placeLe Bourg-d'HemEducationLycée Louis-le-GrandAlma materÉcole Normale SupérieureOccupationHistorianSpouseSimonne VidalChildrenAlice and ÉtienneMilitary careerAllegiance FranceService/branchFrench ArmyYears of service1914–1918, 1939RankCaptain Awa…

Not to be confused with Drama (rapper). American DJ and record executive DJ DramaDJ Drama performing in 2016Background informationBirth nameTyree Cinque SimmonsBorn (1978-04-22) April 22, 1978 (age 45)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. EducationClark Atlanta University (BS) GenresHip hopOccupation(s) Disc jockey record executive music promoter Years active1999–presentLabels Aphilliates Generation Now E1 (current) Grand Hustle Atlantic (former) Websitedramalikethedj.comMusical artist Tyree C…

For the National Historic Site, see Historic Jamestown. For the adjacent living history museum, see Jamestown Settlement. For later history and commemorations, see Jamestown, Virginia § Aftermath and preservation. The James Fort c. 1608 as depicted on the map by Pedro de Zúñiga Jamestown, also Jamestowne, was the first settlement of the Virginia Colony, founded in 1607, and served as the capital of Virginia until 1699, when the seat of government was moved to Williamsburg. This art…

Representação portuguesa de Mascate por António Bocarro Omã Português refere-se ao período durante o qual o território esteve sob domínio português, entre 1507 e 1656. A região foi conquistada por forças portuguesas sob o comando de Afonso de Albuquerque em 1507, e permaneceu sob domínio português até serem expulsos pelos Ya'rubids. História 1507–1622 Representação portuguesa do século XVI de uma cena de banho em Mascate, em Códice Casanatense Forte Al-Jalali em Mascate Fort…

محتوى هذه المقالة في طور الترجمة من مقالة «List of Mesopotamian deities» في ويكيبيديا الإنجليزية. رجاءً لا تحرر هذه الصفحة في أثناء وجود هذه الرسالة في رأسها، لكي لا يحدث أي تضارب في التحرير. ختم أسطواني أكدي يعود لحوالي سنة 2300 ق. م، وتصور الآلهة إنانا وأوتو وإنكي وإسيمود.[1] آلهة العصو…

1943 film by Lew Landers Redhead from ManhattanTheatrical release posterDirected byLew LandersScreenplay byJoseph HoffmanStory byRex TaylorProduced byHarry CohnWallace MacDonaldStarringLupe VélezMichael DuaneTim RyanGerald MohrLillian YarboArthur LoftCinematographyPhillip TannuraEdited byJames SweeneyMusic byGil GrauJohn LeipoldDistributed byColumbia PicturesRelease date May 6, 1943 (1943-05-06) Running time64 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Redhead from Manhattan is a…

Humour of the Romanian ethnic group This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this temp…

2019 Norwegian biopic AmundsenFilm posterDirected byEspen SandbergWritten byRavn LanesskogProduced byEspen HornStarringPål Sverre HagenKatherine WaterstonChristian RubeckCinematographyPål Ulvik RoksethEdited byPerry Eriksen, Martin StoltzMusic byJohan SöderqvistRelease date15 February 2019Running time125 minutesCountryNorwayLanguageNorwegian/English Amundsen is a Norwegian film, released on 15 February 2019, that details the life of Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen.[1] It was directe…

American painter For the abstract expressionist painter, see Alice Baber. Alice Barber StephensBornAlice Barber(1858-07-01)July 1, 1858Salem, New JerseyDiedJuly 13, 1932(1932-07-13) (aged 74)Rose Valley, PennsylvaniaNationalityAmericanKnown forPainting, Engraving, IllustrationSpouseCharles Hollowell Stephens Alice Barber Stephens (July 1, 1858 – July 13, 1932) was an American painter and engraver, best remembered for her illustrations. Her work regularly appeared in magazines such as…

Blick vom Elbdeich in den Skulpturengarten Damnatz Der Skulpturengarten Damnatz befindet sich in Damnatz im Landkreis Lüchow-Dannenberg in Niedersachsen im Elbetal. Der Künstlerpark in der Größe von 10.000 Quadratmetern zeigt 30 Bildhauer-Großskulpturen auf dem Freigelände und in einer ehemaligen Scheune finden Kunstausstellungen, Lesungen und Konzerte statt. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Skulpturengarten Damnatz 2 Künstlerische Aussage 3 Literatur 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Skulpturengarten Dam…

Association football player Mohamed Youssouf Youssouf in 2018Personal informationDate of birth (1988-03-26) 26 March 1988 (age 35)Place of birth Paris, FranceHeight 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)[1]Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team AjaccioNumber 20Youth career2005–2007 Le HavreSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2007–2011 Le Havre 19 (0)2010–2011 → Créteil (loan) 27 (2)2011–2013 Vannes 69 (15)2013–2014 Amiens 30 (0)2014–2015 Ergotelis 27 (6)2015–2…

Indonesian sweet snack MadumongsoA plate of madumongso.Alternative namesMadumangsaTypeConfectioneryPlace of originIndonesiaRegion or stateJavaVariationsDodol or jenang Madumongso or madumangsa is a Javanese snack made from black sticky rice as a basic ingredient. The taste is mixed with sweet because the black rice is previously processed before it becomes tapai (through the fermentation process) and cooked become dodol. Madumongso originates from Ponorogo, East Java.[1] See also List of…

Vurnon Anita Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Vurnon San Benito Anita[1]Tanggal lahir 4 April 1989 (umur 34)Tempat lahir Willemstad, Netherlands AntillesTinggi 1,67 m (5 ft 5+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain Gelandang bertahanInformasi klubKlub saat ini Newcastle UnitedNomor 8Karier junior1996–1997 CVV Willemstad1997–1999 VV Maarssen1999–2005 AjaxKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2005–2012 Ajax 104 (5)2012– Newcastle United 45 (0)Tim nasional‡2004–2006 Belanda…

Malaysian actress and television presenter In this Malay name, there is no family name. The name Shamsul Falak is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Sazlini. Sazzy FalakSazzy Falak in 2017BornSazlini Shamsul Falak (1980-03-10) 10 March 1980 (age 43)Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaNationalityMalaysianOccupation(s)Actress, TV host, entrepreneurYears active1999–presentSpouse Nazril Idrus ​(m. 2006)​Children3ParentsDatuk Shamsul Falak…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya

Lokasi Pengunjung: 54.91.51.101