楚昭王

楚昭王
前515年-前489年
政权 楚国
君主 楚昭王
历时 27年
楚昭王在位年在《春秋》经时代的位置
小说《东周列国志》插画:楚昭王弃郢西奔

楚昭王(约前523年—前489年),出土楚国文献又写作卲王[1]芈姓氏,名,一作楚平王與秦公主孟嬴之子。

楚平王為其子太子建向聯姻秦國求亲,娶到了孟嬴,但孟嬴很美,於是楚平王受到費無忌的挑撥,自納為妃,生子軫,即楚昭王。前516年,楚平王死,不满10岁的太子继立,是为昭王。

大事记

  • 楚昭王元年(前515年),诛费无忌以平息国人之怒。
  • 楚昭王四年(前512年),吴国二父公奔楚,楚以扞吴之地封之。
  • 楚昭王五年(前511年),吴伐楚,取六、潜两城。
  • 楚昭王七年(前509年),楚命子常伐吴,楚大败于豫章
  • 楚昭王十年冬(前506年)伍員率吳師伐楚,柏举之战中,楚国战败,吴军攻入都,楚昭王出亡,逃到雲夢澤時,被吳軍射傷,又輾轉逃到鄖國隨國申包胥秦國乞師救援,秦公起初不答應,申包胥便跪秦庭而哭,七日不絕,秦哀公感其忠誠,於是出兵救楚,于楚昭王十一年六月败吳兵于稷,楚昭王回到郢都,賞功臣,包胥逃而不受。吴夫概见吴国兵几而自立为王。阖闾引兵平叛。夫概奔楚,楚以堂谿之地(今河南遂平县文城乡)封之,号为堂谿氏,生产春秋时期天下九大宝剑之首的棠溪宝剑。历时10月余的大战终于结束,郢都经吴师蹂躏,残破不堪。于是,昭王决定迁都,而仍称之为郢。 从昭王十一年冬(前505年)起作为首都的郢,称为“载郢”。其地早就有楚人聚居。大约在战国中晚期之际,已被称为“江陵”。载郢的遗址,最迟在东汉晚期,已被称为“纪南城”。载郢成为首都以后,原来的郢都就以“鄢郢”见称了。
  • 楚昭王十二年(前504年),吴伐楚,取番。楚迁都至郢。
  • 楚昭王十六年(前500年),楚灭顿国,灭胡城
  • 楚昭王二十七年春(前489年),吴伐陈国,楚救之。十月,楚昭王病重,見“雲如眾赤鳥,夾日以飛”的天象。三天后,昭王派使者将此事告知周太史并询问对策。周太史答道,楚王身要遭祸事,可以为禜祭,移祸于令尹。[2]。诸将相请以身为祷,为王承祸,昭王不许,说:“将相之于孤犹股肱也,今移祸焉,庸为去是身乎页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)。”昭王姬妾越姬时亦在身旁,说:“昔日妾虽口不言,心既许之矣。妾闻信者不负其心,义者不虚设其事。妾死王之义,不死王之好也。页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)”,遂自杀,不久昭王亦身死。时孔子在陈,赞曰:“楚昭王通大道矣。其不失国,宜哉!”

家庭

  • 芈畀我(季芈畀我),楚昭王之妹,母伯嬴。

妻妾

子女

前任:
楚平王
楚國君主
前516年—前489年
繼任:
楚惠王

注释

  1. ^ 董珊:《出土文獻所見“以謚爲族”的楚王族——附說《左傳》“諸侯以字爲謚因以爲族”的讀法》,出土文獻與古文字研究第二輯,復旦大學出版社,二〇〇八年八月。
  2. ^ 见《左传·哀公六年》。《列女传·节义传》作“移于将相”


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