成人學習者

成人學習者(adult learner或Learning in adulthood)係指己完成基本教育或第一階段教育者，再參與有組織的學習活動者，目的在增進新知、獲得技能或造成態度的改變。是離開正規學校教育、工作一段時間後，再回到學習行列者。可能是全時的，亦可能是在完成基礎教育後，再以部分時間參與有組織的學習活動者。

為何成人需要學習？學者畢蘭加(Belanger)認為，現在的問題已不是我們是否需要成人學習，而是成人學習有多麼重要。今日的重點在於如何因應日漸增多和分歧的需求，如何管理需求的爆炸。某些觀察者認為，成人學習者的學習和教育顯得諷刺，因其自身就是現代化過程的加害者與受害者。例如，臭氧層的破洞促使人們上課尋求建言，狂牛症刺激了參加素食烹飪課的人數，背痛則創造了人們上姿勢矯正班的需要。

就成人學習特性導向而言，其心理學習特性大致可分成四個時期：第一，空巢期：來自更年期的反思；第二，解放時期：因子女獨立而解放，有新的可能性，或婦女的解放，因為老公過世或退休的解放；第三，統整期：寫自傳，對自我一生的總結；第四，持續未完成的心願：想竭力去完成尚未如願的事情。

著名的成人學習理論學者諾爾斯(Knowles)曾針對成人學習者提出五大前提基礎，認為：成人的自我概念從依賴性轉化為自我引導；成人所累積的經驗，是豐富的學習資源；成人對學習的準備度，與其社會角色的發展任務息息相關；著重知識學習的即時應用，學習上較傾向問題中心，而非學科中心；成人學習受到內在因素驅使甚於外在因素。除上述外，老師和學生之間應該存在著教學相長的精神，成人學生在自我引導的學習下，能夠參與診斷他們的學習需求、規劃及實施、評估學習經驗。

亦即，成人學習者的自我概念、經驗、學習的準備度、問題中心的焦點以及內在動機等，都具有某種直覺上的有效性，使得 成人學習受到許多領域從業者及普遍大眾的歡迎。

參考資料

Belanger, P. “Trends in Adult Education Policy.” Adult Education and Development, 1996, 47, 19-29. Knowles, M.S. The Modern Practice of Adult Education: From Pedagogy to Andragogy.(2nd ed) New York: Cambridge Books, 1980. Knowles, M.S. The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. (3re ed.) Houston: Gulf, 1984. 《終身學習全書》，Sharan B. Merriam& Rosemary S. Caffarella著，楊惠君譯。台北市：商周，2004。 《成人教育辭典》，中華民國成人教育學會(編)，1995。

Read other articles:

Adlai Stevenson II

Governor of Illinois (1949–53) Adlai Stevenson IIPortrait, 19615th United States Ambassador to the United NationsIn officeJanuary 23, 1961 – July 14, 1965PresidentJohn F. KennedyLyndon B. JohnsonPreceded byJames Jeremiah WadsworthSucceeded byArthur Goldberg31st Governor of IllinoisIn officeJanuary 10, 1949 – January 12, 1953LieutenantSherwood DixonPreceded byDwight H. GreenSucceeded byWilliam Stratton Personal detailsBornAdlai Ewing Stevenson II(1900-02-05)February...

 

Samsung Pay

Samsung PayTipeMobile payment, Dompet elektronik dan aplikasi seluler Versi pertama20 Agustus 2015; 8 tahun lalu (2015-08-20)LisensiProprietaryBagian dariSamsung Wallet (en) Karakteristik teknisSistem operasiAndroidInformasi pengembangPengembangSamsung ElectronicsPenerbitGoogle Play Sumber kode Google Playcom.samsung.android.spay Informasi tambahanSitus websamsung.com/global/galaxy/samsung-pay/ Sunting di Wikidata • L • B • Bantuan penggunaan templat ini Samsung Pay ...

 

Aleksandr Mostovoi

Aleksandr Mostovoi Mostovoi tahun 2008Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Aleksandr Vladimirovich MostovoiTanggal lahir 22 Agustus 1968 (umur 55)Tempat lahir Lomonosov, Uni SovietTinggi 1,77 m (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain MidfielderKarier junior Krasnaya PresnyaKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1985–1986 Krasnaya Presnya 19 (7)1986–1991 Spartak Moscow 106 (34)1992–1994 Benfica 9 (0)1993–1994 → Caen (loan) 15 (3)1994–1996 Strasbourg 61 (15)1996–2004 Celta ...

Chrysoprasis

Chrysoprasis Chrysoprasis hypocrita Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Arthropoda Kelas: Insecta Ordo: Coleoptera Famili: Cerambycidae Genus: Chrysoprasis Chrysoprasis adalah genus kumbang tanduk panjang yang tergolong famili Cerambycidae. Genus ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Coleoptera, kelas Insecta, filum Arthropoda, dan kingdom Animalia. Larva kumbang dalam genus ini biasanya mengebor ke dalam kayu dan dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada batang kayu hidup atau kayu yang telah...

 

Ranjau anti-tank

Ranjau anti-tank TM-46 buatan Rusia. Ranjau anti-tank '(disingkat ranjau AT) adalah jenis ranjau darat yang dirancang untuk merusak atau menghancurkan kendaraan termasuk tank dan kendaraan tempur lapis baja lainnya. Dibandingkan dengan ranjau anti-personel, ranjau anti-tank ini biasanya memiliki muatan ledakan yang jauh lebih besar dan murangnya dirancang hanya untuk dipicu oleh kendaraan atau dalam beberapa kasus, hancur bersama dengan ranjaunya. Meskipun ranjau anti-tank seperti ini tidak d...

 

Giulio Giorello

Giulio Giorello nel 2017 Giulio Giorello (Milano, 14 maggio 1945 – Milano, 15 giugno 2020) è stato un filosofo, storico della scienza, matematico ed epistemologo italiano. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Pensiero 3 Riconoscimenti 4 Opere 5 Note 6 Voci correlate 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Giulio Giorello conseguì due lauree: la prima in Filosofia presso l'Università degli Studi di Milano nel 1968 (sotto la guida di Ludovico Geymonat), la seconda in Matematica all'Università d...

Gulf of Anadyr

Gulf in Siberia For other uses, see Anadyr (disambiguation). Gulf of AnadyrАнадырский заливNOAA Chart, Cape Navarin at the left center.Gulf of AnadyrLocation in Chukotka Autonomous OkrugLocationRussian Far EastCoordinates64°00′N 178°00′W / 64.000°N 178.000°W / 64.000; -178.000River sourcesAnadyr RiverVelikayaKanchalanTumanskayaOcean/sea sourcesBering SeaBasin countriesRussiaMax. width402 kilometres (250 mi)Average depth105 metres (344&#...

 

Abbott government

2013–2015 federal executive government of Australia Not to be confused with Abbott Ministry. Abbott governmentIn office18 September 2013 – 15 September 2015MonarchElizabeth IIGovernor-GeneralDame Quentin BryceSir Peter CosgrovePrime MinisterTony AbbottDeputyWarren TrussPartyLiberal and National (Coalition)StatusMajorityOriginAbbott wins 2013 federal electionDemiseAbbott loses 2015 Liberal leadership spillPredecessorRudd government (II)SuccessorTurnbull government This article is part...

 

First Lady of Mexico

Wife of the president of Mexico First Lady of MexicoIncumbentBeatriz Gutiérrez Müllersince 1 December 2018ResidenceNational Palace of Mexico, Mexico City, MexicoTerm length6 yearsInaugural holderMaría Antonia BretónFormation1917WebsiteGob.MX First Lady of Mexico (Spanish: Primera Dama de México), also known as First Lady of the United Mexican States (Spanish: Primera Dama de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos), is the unofficial title of the wife of the president of Mexico. Beatriz Gutié...

Michèle Alliot-Marie

French politician (born 1946) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (February 2011) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translat...

 

1868 United States presidential election in Vermont

Election in Vermont Main article: 1868 United States presidential election 1868 United States presidential election in Vermont ← 1864 November 3, 1868 1872 →   Nominee Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour Party Republican Democratic Home state Illinois New York Running mate Schuyler Colfax Francis Preston Blair, Jr. Electoral vote 5 0 Popular vote 44,167 12,045 Percentage 78.57% 21.43% County Results Grant  70-80%  80-90% ...

 

Tongan religion

Native precontact beliefs of Tonga Not to be confused with Religion in Tonga. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Tongan religion – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Though it is no longer practised today, Tonga's ancient religion w...

Paestum

Ruined Ancient Greek and Roman city in southern Italy This article is about the ancient city. For the modern village nearby, see Paestum (frazione). PaestumΠοσειδωνίαPaestum contains three of the best-preserved ancient Greek temples in the world, including the two Hera Temples shown above.Shown within ItalyLocationPaestum, Province of Salerno, Campania, ItalyRegionMagna GraeciaCoordinates40°25′20″N 15°0′19″E / 40.42222°N 15.00528°E / 40.42222; 15....

 

إليزابيث-كيتلي (أونتاريو)

إليزابيث-كيتلي   الإحداثيات 44°42′00″N 75°53′00″W / 44.7°N 75.8833°W / 44.7; -75.8833   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد كندا[2]  معلومات أخرى K0E  رمز جيونيمز 5947679  الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي  تعديل مصدري - تعديل   اليزابيث-كيتلي، أونتاريو (بالإنجليزية: Elizabethtown-Kitley...

 

西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修，以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引，幫助编辑這個條目。（幫助、討論） 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细，需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸，輔助�...

2004 United States presidential election in Arkansas

Main article: 2004 United States presidential election 2004 United States presidential election in Arkansas ← 2000 November 2, 2004 2008 →   Nominee George W. Bush John Kerry Party Republican Democratic Home state Texas Massachusetts Running mate Dick Cheney John Edwards Electoral vote 6 0 Popular vote 572,898 469,953 Percentage 54.31% 44.55% County Results Bush   40-50%   50-60%   60-70% Kerry   50-60% &#...

 

MØ

MØPenampilan MØ saat di Stavernfestivalen tahun 2016LahirKaren Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen13 Agustus 1988 (umur 35)Ubberud, Odense, South Denmark, DenmarkPekerjaanPenyanyipenulis laguproduser rekamanTahun aktif2006–sekarangKota asalEjlstrup, DenmarkKarier musikGenreElectronicelectropopsynth-popindie popInstrumenVokalkeyboardLabelSony MusicChess ClubRCA VictorColumbiaArtis terkaitDiploMajor LazerCharli XCXCashmere CatSitus webmomomoyouth.com Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted A...

 

Book of Enoch

Hebrew religious text ascribed to Enoch For other writings attributed to Enoch, see Book of Enoch (disambiguation). Start of the Ethiopic Enoch in a 16th-century manuscript Tanakh (Judaism) Torah (Instruction)GenesisBereshitExodusShemotLeviticusWayiqraNumbersBemidbarDeuteronomyDevarim Nevi'im (Prophets) Former JoshuaYehoshuaJudgesShofetimSamuelShemuelKingsMelakhim Latter IsaiahYeshayahuJeremiahYirmeyahuEzekielYekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephani...

Sunqur al-Ashqar

Shams al-Din Sunqur al-Ashqar al-Salihi (Arabic: شمس الدين سنقر الأشقر الصالحي) was the Mamluk viceroy of Damascus in 1279–1280, who attempted to rule Syria independently, in a rebellion against the Egypt-based sultan Qalawun (r. 1279–1290). While the rebellion in Damascus was quashed in 1280, Sunqur ensconced himself in the Sahyun Castle in the coastal mountains of northern Syria. He joined Qalawun in the successful defense of Syria against the Ilkhanid Mon...

 

William Cavendish (4e duc de Devonshire)

Pour les articles homonymes, voir William Cavendish. William Cavendish Fonctions Premier ministre de Grande-Bretagne 16 novembre 1756 – 25 juin 1757(7 mois et 9 jours) Monarque George II Prédécesseur Thomas Pelham-Holles Successeur Thomas Pelham-Holles Lord-lieutenant d'Irlande 2 avril 1755 – 3 janvier 1757(1 an, 9 mois et 1 jour) Monarque George II Premier ministre Thomas Pelham-HollesLui même Prédécesseur Lionel Cranfield Sackville Successeur John Russell ...