保守势力对于刺杀行为感到十分愤怒，梅特涅也借此通过法律，进一步限制媒体，遏制自由主义和民族主义运动的发展。由此，这一系列法令使学生组织转入地下，限制民族主义出版物的出版，扩张对媒体和私人的审查，并通过禁止大学教授鼓励民族主义讨论而限制学术传播。这些法令成为約瑟夫·格雷斯的小册《德意志与革命》（Teutschland und die Revolution，1820年）的主题，他在其中表示通过反动手段来压制公众观点的自由表达是既是不可能的，也是不当的[19]。
奥古斯特·海因里希·霍夫曼·冯·法勒斯莱本（德语：August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben）的诗句不仅表达德意志人民在语言上的统一，还表现地理上的统一。在《德意志，德意志高于一切》（Deutschland, Deutschland über Alles），正式名称为《德意志之歌》中，法勒斯莱本号召德意志诸国君主承认德意志人民的一统特性[31]。其他爱国歌曲如马克斯·施内肯伯格（英语：Max Schneckenburger）的《守护莱茵河》则将注意力集中至地理上，而不仅仅是共同语言中的“德意志性”。施内肯伯格创作《守护莱茵河》是为了对法国称莱茵河为“天然东部国境”做出回应。歌曲的副歌部分，以及其他爱国诗歌如尼古拉斯·贝克的《莱茵河》（Das Rheinlied），号召德意志人民保卫自己的领土和家园。1807年，亚历山大·冯·洪堡提出民族性反映地理的影响，将景观同人民联系到一起。与这一思想同时发生的是保护古城堡和史迹的运动，这一运动主要集中于与法国和西班牙发生频繁冲突的莱茵兰地区[32]。
和1819年科策布遇刺之后一样，梅特涅利用哈姆巴赫的群众示威来推行保守的社会政策。1832年6月28日的《六条》主要重新强调君主权威的原则。7月5日，法兰克福议会投票通过另外10条，重新强调现有的审查规则，限制政治组织以及其他公众活动。此外，邦国同意对受到动乱威胁的政府提供军事支持[37]。卡尔·冯·威德（英语：Karl Philipp von Wrede）带领一半巴伐利亚军至普法尔茨以“镇压”该省份。多名哈姆巴赫的演讲者不幸被捕、經审判後入狱；其中一人，法学生和学生组织代表卡尔·海因里希·布吕格曼（1810–1887）遣送普鲁士，判处死刑，但后来得到赦免[34]。
在德意志霸权的结束使奥地利将注意力转移到巴尔干。1867年，奥地利皇帝弗朗茨·约瑟夫一世接受妥协（1867年奥匈折衷方案），使其匈牙利领土与奥地利领土地位平等，建立二元君主国奥地利-匈牙利[83]。1866年的《布拉格条约》对奥地利采取仁慈的态度，奥地利同意大利的关系进行重要的重组；虽然奥地利在战场上相较意大利更为成功，但他们还是失去重要的省份威尼托。哈布斯堡王朝将威尼托割让给法国，而法国也正式将其控制权交给意大利[84]。法国公众对普鲁士胜利表示不满，要求“为萨多瓦复仇”（Revanche pour Sadová），展示出法国的反普鲁士情绪——这一问题在普法战争前的几个月逐渐扩大[85]。普奥战争还破坏同法国政府的关系。1865年9月，在比亚里茨同拿破仑三世的会晤中，俾斯麦使拿破仑认为（或者拿破仑自认为）法国能够通过在战争中保持中立以换取吞并比利时和卢森堡的一些领土。这并没有发生，使拿破仑对俾斯麦产生了怨恨。
在此后的几周内，西班牙的提议成为欧洲的重要话题。俾斯麦鼓励利奥波德接受这一提议[90]。倘若霍亨索伦-西格马林根王朝能够在西班牙登上王位，这便意味着在法国的两侧都是霍亨索伦王朝的德意志国王。这对于俾斯麦来说是有利的，但对拿破仑三世和他的外交大臣格拉蒙公爵（英语：Agenor, duc de Gramont）来说都是不可接受的。格拉蒙起草一封言辞尖锐的最后通牒给霍亨索伦王朝的家长威廉，称倘若任何霍亨索伦王朝的王侯接受西班牙王位，法国政府将会做出回应——虽然回应本身模棱两可。利奥波德宣布退出，解除这一危机，但法国驻柏林的大使并不愿作罢[91]。他直接找到在巴特埃姆斯休假的威廉，要求他保证绝不会再让霍亨索伦王朝成员成为西班牙王位的候选人。威廉拒绝给予如此肯定的答复，此后向俾斯麦发出电报，描述法方的要求。俾斯麦利用这份电报——《埃姆斯密电》——为模板，起草一份公开的声明。他将言词修改得简略而尖锐，而在法国方面的翻译之后产生更大的变更，最后激起法方的愤怒。法国公众仍然对萨多瓦的失利耿耿于怀，要求开战[92]。
^例见：James Allen Vann, The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975. Mack Walker. German home towns: community, state, and general estate, 1648–1871. Ithaca, 1998.
^Robert A. Kann. History of the Habsburg Empire: 1526–1918,Los Angeles, 1974, p. 221. 在其退位书中，弗朗茨宣布终结其过去领地对他的一切义务和职责，并宣布自己为奥地利国王（头衔于1804年创立）。 Golo Mann, Deutsche Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts, Frankfurt am Main, 2002, p. 70.
^David Blackbourn, and Geoff Eley. The peculiarities of German history: bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth-century Germany. Oxford & New York, 1984, part 1; Thomas Nipperdey, German History From Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800–1871, New York, Oxford, 1983. Chapter 1.
^Sheehan, pp. 398–410; Hamish Scott, The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740–1815, US, 2006, pp. 329–361.
^例见：Ralf Dahrendorf, German History, (1968), pp. 25–32; （德文） Hans Ulrich Wehler, Das Deutsche Kaiserreich, 1871–1918, Göttingen, 1973, pp. 10–14; Leonard Krieger, The German Idea of Freedom, Chicago, 1957; Raymond Grew, Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States, Princeton, 1978, pp. 312–345; Jürgen Kocka and Allan Mitchell. Bourgeois society in nineteenth-century Europe. Oxford, 1993; Jürgen Kocka, "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg." Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 23, No. 1 (January, 1988), pp. 3–16; Volker Berghahn, Modern Germany. Society, Economy and Politics in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, 1982.
^For a summary of this argument, see David Blackbourn, and Geoff Eley. The peculiarities of German history: bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth-century Germany. Oxford & New York, 1984, part 1.
^Jürgen Kocka, "Comparison and Beyond.'" History and Theory, Vol. 42, No. 1 (February, 2003), p. 39–44, and Jürgen Kocka, "Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The Case of the German Sonderweg", History and Theory, Vol. 38, No. 1 (February, 1999), pp. 40–50.
^对此视角的代表性分析见：Richard J. Evans, Rethinking German history: nineteenth-century Germany and the origins of the Third Reich. London, 1987.
^A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1914–1918, Oxford, 1954, p. 37.
^Blackbourn, The long nineteenth century, pp. 160–175.
^书信的剩余部分号召德意志人民统一起来："This role of world leadership, left vacant as things are today, might well be occupied by the German nation. You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community. Let us hope, then, that you can use your energy to overcome your moth-eaten thirty tyrants of the various German states. Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." Denis Mack Smith (editor). Garibaldi (Great Lives Observed), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1969, p. 76.
^Mack Smith, Denis. Mazzini. Yale University Press. 1994: 11–12.
^Rosita Rindler Schjerve Diglossia and Power: Language Policies and Practice in the Nineteenth Century Habsburg Empire, 2003, ISBN 978-3-11-017653-7, pp. 199–200.
^Bridge and Bullen, The Great Powers and the European States System 1814–1914.
^Die Reichsgründung 1871 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (The Foundation of the Empire, 1871), Lebendiges virtuelles Museum Online, accessed 2008-12-22. 德语翻译：[...] on the wishes of Wilhelm I, on the 170th anniversary of the elevation of the House of Brandenburg to princely status on 18 January 1701, the assembled German princes and high military officials proclaimed Wilhelm I as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the Versailles Palace.
^Alon Confino. The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871–1918. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
^Richard J. Evans, Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830–1910. New York, 2005, p. 1.
^David Blackbourn and Geoff Eley. The peculiarities of German history: bourgeois society and politics in nineteenth-century Germany. Oxford [Oxfordshire] and New York, Oxford University Press, 1984. Peter Blickle, Heimat: a critical theory of the German idea of homeland, Studies in German literature, linguistics and culture. Columbia, South Carolina, Camden House; Boydell & Brewer, 2004. Robert W. Scribner, Sheilagh C. Ogilvie, Germany: a new social and economic history. London and New York, Arnold and St. Martin's Press, 1996.
^一部分研究：Geoff Eley, Reshaping the German right: radical nationalism and political change after Bismarck. New Haven, 1980. Richard J. Evans, Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830–1910.New York, 2005. Evans, Richard J. Society and politics in Wilhelmine Germany. London and New York, 1978. Thomas Nipperdey, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800–1866. Princeton, New Jersey, 1996. Jonathan Sperber, Popular Catholicism in nineteenth-century Germany. Princeton, N.J., 1984. (1997).
^Blackbourn, Long Century, Chapter VI, particularly pp. 225–243.
^参见：Joseph R. Llobera, and Goldsmiths' College. The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building, Goldsmiths sociology papers. London, 1996; （德文） Alexandre Escudier, Brigitte Sauzay, and Rudolf von Thadden. Gedenken im Zwiespalt: Konfliktlinien europ?ischen Erinnerns, Genshagener Gespr?che; vol. 4. G?ttingen: 2001; Alon Confino. The Nation as a Local Metaphor: Württemberg, Imperial Germany, and National Memory, 1871–1918. Chapel Hill, 1999.
^Karin Friedrich, The other Prussia: royal Prussia, Poland and liberty, 1569–1772, New York, 2000, p. 5.
^许多现代史学家描述这一神话，但并不支持之，例如：Rudy Koshar, Germany's Transient Pasts: Preservation and the National Memory in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill, 1998; Hans Kohn. German history; some new German views. Boston, 1954; Thomas Nipperdey, Germany history from Napoleon to Bismarck.
^Richard R. Flores, Remembering the Alamo: memory, modernity, and the master symbol. 1st ed, History, culture, and society series. Austin, Texas, 2002.
^Josep R. Llobera and Goldsmiths' College. The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building. Goldsmiths sociology papers. London, Goldsmiths College, 1996.
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