张耒

張耒[註 1](1054年—1114年),字文潛,號柯山[1],祖籍亳州譙縣(今安徽亳縣),生於楚州淮陰(今江蘇淮安市),北宋詩人。

生平

先世谯郡人。[2]至和元年(1054)出生。[3]母李氏。妻文安君。[4]十三岁能文,十七岁所做〈函关赋〉,被传诵一時。早年遊學陈州,受到當時學官蘇轍厚愛,從學於蘇軾,蘇軾說他的文章類似蘇轍,“汪洋淡泊,有一唱三叹之声”[5]。神宗熙寧六年(1073年)中進士,熙宁七年任臨淮主簿,[6]元豐元年(1078年),爲壽安尉。元丰二年(1079年),在山阳见曾巩。元豐七年(1084年),遷咸平丞[7],元祐初年(1086年)授秘書省正字[8],元祐六年由蘇軾力薦为著作郎,改秘書丞[9]、再任著作郎[10],官至起居舍人[11]

绍圣元年(1094),以疾出知润州(今江苏丹阳)[12],八月,徙知宣州(今属安徽)。紹聖三年(1096年),管勾明道宮。哲宗紹聖四年(1097年),謫監黃州酒稅。[13]元符二年(1099年),改監復州(今湖北竟陵)酒稅。[14]元符三年(1100年),蘇轍北歸,張耒聞訊作《寄子由二首》。徽宗建中靖国元年(1101年)初,通判黄州,知兖州,召為太常少卿,數月後又出知潁、汝二州[15],在潁州得知蘇軾死訊,舉哀行服。[16]崇寧元年(1102年),被指為元佑黨人,貶房州別駕,黄州安置,[17]約崇寧五年冬至大观元年(1107年)左右,歸居淮陰[18]大观二年,脱出元祐党籍,归陈州。[19]张耒嗜酒,晚年有疾。[20]晚年留居陳州。[21]政和四年卒,年六十一。[22]

家族

有子四人:張秬張秸、張和、張秠[23]

艺术风格

其詩學白居易張籍,如:〈田家〉、〈海州道中〉、〈輸麥行〉多反映下層人民的生活以及自己的生活感受,風格平易曉暢。

成就

他與黃庭堅秦觀晁補之三人一同被時人譽為“蘇門四學士”。

著作

張耒詩文集有多種版本:(一)《柯山集》五十卷。拾遺十二卷,存有四庫全書版本、武英殿聚珍版本、廣雅書局刻本,見於《宛丘先生集》而不見於《柯山集》的詩文,均輯入該本《拾遺》。(二)《宛丘先生文集》七十六卷,存清康熙呂無隱鈔本。(三)《張右史文集》六十五卷,存明萬曆抄本、清雍正七年謝浦泰抄本等。(四)《張文潛文集》十三卷,存明嘉靖三年郝梁刻本。(五)《張耒集》,李逸安等校點,中華書局1999年出版。

《蘇門六君子文粹》,收有張耒選文二十二卷。此書有《四庫全書》本。

《明道雜誌》一卷,南宋慶元時陳升刻于黃州,現存明刻本、《唐宋叢書》本、《學海類編》本。

傳記

宋史》卷四四四有傳。清‧邵祖壽編有《張文潛先生年譜》一卷。

注釋

  1. ^ 注音:ㄌㄟˇ,拼音:lěi

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库阅读此作者作品
维基文库中的相关文本:宋史·卷444》,出自脱脱宋史

参考资料

  1. ^ 陆游《老学庵笔记》卷四:“张文潜生而有文,在其手曰‘耒’,故以为名,而字文潜。”
  2. ^ 汪藻《柯山张文潜集书后》言:“文潜,谯郡人。”,陈振孙《直斋书录解题》卷一七曰“谯国张耒”,晁公武《郡斋读书志》卷四下亦言:“张耒,谯郡人。”
  3. ^ 據张耒《陈履常惠诗,有“曾门一老”之句,不肖二十五岁谒见南丰舍人于山阳,始一书而褒,与过宜阳,有同途至亳之约;耒以病不能如期。后八年,始遇公于京师。南丰门人惟君一人而已。感旧慨叹,因成鄙句,愿勿他示》诗,元丰二年(1079),张耒在山阳谒见曾巩,时年二十五岁。其生年應是至和二年(1055)。邵祖寿《张文潜先生年谱》考为至和元年(1054)。
  4. ^ 文集卷二五有《十月十日夕同文安君对月》诗云:“林外霜风作夜声,入檐寒月似多情。灯前炉畔深杯暖,更听昭君出塞行。”
  5. ^ 《答张文潜书》
  6. ^ 文集卷一《后涉淮赋》序云:“甲寅(熙宁七年)之秋,自正阳涉淮,作《涉淮赋》。既至泗之临淮,邑之东南皆淮也。朝游夕济,凡淮之惊畏风涛之变,无不历之矣。今秋又以事之东海,至涟水入涟河。舟人告予曰:淮水自是入海矣……”
  7. ^ 文集卷五〇《记异》云:“元丰己丑(按:元丰无己丑,为“乙丑”之误)六月,予故人子假承务郎杨克勤自合肥赴京师,过咸平,为予言……”。
  8. ^ 《续通鉴长编》卷四四三:元祐五年六月乙卯,“正字张耒为著作佐郎。”小字注:“五年十二月四日加集校,六年六月八日为秘丞,六年十一月十六日以秘丞集校为史讨。”
  9. ^ 《续通鉴长编》卷四五九,元祐六年六月丙申,“著作佐郎、集贤校理张耒,为秘书丞。”小字注:“五年六月二十二日,耒以正字为小著;十二月四日,加集校;今却除秘丞?政目有此,姑存之。六年十一月十六日,复自秘丞集校为史局。”
  10. ^ 文集卷二六有《予元祐六年六月罢著作佐郎,除秘书丞。是岁仲冬,复除著作郎,兼史院检讨,复至旧局题屏》诗。
  11. ^ 《东都事略》卷一一六云:“擢起居舍人。”《宋史》本传:“入为太学录。范纯仁以馆阁荐,试秘书省正字、著作佐郎、秘书丞、著作郎、史馆检讨。居三馆八年,顾义自守,泊如也。擢起居舍人。”
  12. ^ 《东都事略》卷一一六云:“擢起居舍人,请郡,以直龙图阁知润州。”文集卷三四有《任起居舍人乞郡状》云:“伏念臣自患风痹今已五年,虽粗支持,而去年冬末,因患疮疹,毒气流注,支节脚膝痛痹,甚则屈弱乘骑拜伏,动忧颠仆,力加调养,或可完安,失今不治,必成沉痼。”
  13. ^ 徐积《节孝集》附錄〈与徐仲车书〉:“耒向罢宣州,到京,蒙除管勾明道宫,寻便居陈,今半年馀,卬颇优游。今年闰月初,忽捧告命谪监黄州酒税,仍落职,遂出陆自陈入蔡,自蔡入光,遂至贬所。”
  14. ^ 文集卷一二《将至官坡登一土冈望复州作》:“茫茫梦泽连禾黍,断垄横冈散平楚。登高试望竟陵城,孤煌落日知何处。”
  15. ^ 《宋史》本传:“徽宗立,起为通判黄州,知兖州。召为太常少卿。甫数月,复出知颍州、汝州。”
  16. ^ 《宋会要辑稿·职官六七·黜降官四》:崇宁元年七月二十七日,“诏朝散郎、管勾亳州明道宫张耒,特责授房州别驾,黄州安置。坐以苏轼卒缟素而哭,因言者弹论,故有是责。”
  17. ^ 《资治通鉴后编》卷九五:崇宁元年秋七月,“庚戌,臣僚上言:管勾明道宫张耒,在颍州闻苏轼身亡,出已俸于荐福禅院为轼饭僧,缟素而哭。诏张耒责授房州别驾,黄州安置。”
  18. ^ 文集卷一五《淮阴太宁山主崇岳,逮与予诸父游……闻予自黄归,欣然空所居而相延,日与之语,或寂然相对终日,使人之意消也,因赋此诗》:“我来之初季春月,门外李花如积雪。”
  19. ^ 《宋会要辑稿·职官七六·收叙放逐官一》:大观二年三月二十八日,三省言:“检会今年正月一日八宝赦书:‘元祐之初,奸臣放废,言念岁月之外,屡更赦宥,可议等第取情理轻者与落罪籍,特与甄收差遣。’”
  20. ^ 黄庭坚《病起荆江亭即事十首》(《山谷内集诗注》卷一四)其九:“张子耽酒语蹇吃,闻道颍州又陈州。”任渊注:“张文潜素嗜酒,晚有末疾。”
  21. ^ 《宋史》本传:“崇宁初,复坐党籍落职,主管眀道宫。初,耒在颍闻苏轼讣,为举哀行服,言者以为言,遂贬房州别驾,安置于黄。五年,得自便,居陈州。”吕本中《紫薇诗话》:“张丈文潜,大观中归陈州,至南京,答予书云:‘到宋冒雨,时见数花凄寒,重裘附火端坐,略不类季春气候也。’”《东都事略》卷一一六:“五年,得自便,居陈州,寻主管崇福宫。卒年六十。”
  22. ^ 《宋史》本传“卒年六十一”
  23. ^ 陆游《老学庵笔记》卷四:“张文潜三子秬、秸、和,皆中进士第。秬、秸在陈,死于兵,和为陕府教官,归葬二兄,复遇盗,见杀。文潜遂亡后,可哀也。”《自庐山回过富池……》之跋语谓:“元符庚辰,某同男秬率潘仲达同游匡山。”


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