尼古拉·里姆斯基-科萨科夫

尼古拉·里姆斯基-科萨科夫
Николай Римский-Корсаков
出生1844年3月18日［儒略曆3月6日］
 俄罗斯帝国季赫溫
逝世1908年6月21日［儒略曆6月8日］（64岁）
 俄罗斯帝国聖彼得堡省柳本斯克（俄语：Любенск）
国籍 俄罗斯帝国
知名作品《大黃蜂的飛行》、《天方夜譚》，第二交响曲“安塔尔”（英语：Antar (Rimsky-Korsakov)），《西班牙随想曲》，歌剧《萨特阔（英语：Sadko (opera)）》《金鸡（英语：The Golden Cockerel）》等
所属时期/乐派浪漫主义强力集团
擅长类型管弦乐，歌剧
学生/受影响人物
签名
亚历山大·涅夫斯基修道院季赫温公墓里姆斯基-科萨科夫的墓碑

尼古拉·安德烈耶维奇·里姆斯基-科萨科夫（俄语：Николай Андреевич Римский-Корсаков，羅馬化：Nikolay Andreyevich Rimskiy-Korsakov；1844年3月18日［儒略曆3月6日］—1908年6月21日［儒略曆6月8日］），俄罗斯作曲家、音乐教育家，在季赫溫出生。他和鲍罗丁、穆索尔斯基、巴拉基列夫和居伊并称为“强力集团”。

生平

1856年在圣彼得堡入海军军官候补生队，同时业余时间学习钢琴演奏、观赏歌剧及听音乐会，与巴拉基列夫等人交往，交流音乐创作感受。1862-65年出海航行。1865年完成他的第一部交响乐。1869年续成达尔戈梅日斯基的歌剧《石客（英语：The Stone Guest (Dargomyzhsky)）》（The Stone Guest）。

1871年他成为聖彼得堡音樂學院乐器和作曲教授。1874年到1881年他是免费音乐学校的领导，并以指挥家和教育家姿态亮相。他的学生有亚历山大·格拉祖诺夫、奥托里诺·雷斯皮基、斯特拉文斯基和普罗科菲耶夫。

里姆斯基-科萨科夫写有15部歌剧，多部管弦乐，特别是标题音乐、合唱曲、室内乐、钢琴作品，歌曲和改编曲。

1882年后的大部分时间用在行政、指挥方面并抽空为卒於1881年的穆索尔斯基的《霍万兴那》及其他作品进行修订及配器。1887年鲍罗丁逝世，其遗作《伊戈尔王子》又由他和他的学生格拉祖诺夫（Glazunov）来担负完成和配器的任务。但利用此项作的间隙创作出他自己最富于色彩的两首乐曲：《西班牙随想曲》（Spanish Caprice）及《天方夜譚》（Scheherazade）。

此后他受1888-99年在俄国首次演出瓦格纳的歌剧《指环》（Ring）的影响，转而专心从事歌剧创作。他有一段时间因患神经衰弱而无法工作，但到1890年又恢复创造性的劳动，并在1896年为穆索尔斯基的歌剧《鲍里斯·戈杜诺夫》（Boris Godunov）整理出完整的演出本，虽然今天对这个版本有部分的不信任，但在学者们恢复穆索尔斯基的原作面貌之前，一直靠里姆斯基-科萨科夫编的本子使这部歌剧得以流传。

1905年因同情革命学生，曾一度被解除彼得堡音乐院教授的职务，其作品也遭禁演两个月的处分。与当局这一冲突在他最后一部讽刺歌剧《金鸡（英语：The Golden Cockerel）》（The Golden Cockerel）中有所反映。此剧曾遭政府禁演，待他逝世后方有机会上演。1906年又修订《鲍里斯·戈杜诺夫》，1907年曾在巴黎指挥谢尔盖·达基列夫举办的俄罗斯音乐演奏会。

里姆斯基-科萨科夫的天赋不如其民族乐派中的同伴，但在清晰而富于色彩的配器技巧方面却超过了他们，而且今天对我们来说，他的音乐似乎成为沙皇俄国时代煊赫与壮观的集中体现。其歌剧之光彩近来已再次被人们所肯定。他对其最杰出的学生斯特拉文斯基的影响，在《火鸟》（The Firebird）中表现得尤为突出。他还撰有供和声及配器作的教科书，并写有自传。

作品

歌剧

交响曲

其他管弦乐曲

獨奏及樂隊

  • 降B大調長號與管樂隊協奏曲（1877）
  • g小調雙簧管與管樂隊《格林卡主題變奏曲》（1877）
  • 降E大調單簧管與管樂隊協奏曲（1888）
  • 升c小调鋼琴協奏曲 op.30（英语：Piano Concerto (Rimsky-Korsakov)）（1882-83）
  • 為兩段俄羅斯主題而寫的幻想曲（小提琴及樂隊）op.33（1886-87）
  • 大提琴与乐队小夜曲 op.37（1903）

室内乐

  • F大调弦乐四重奏 op.12（1875）
  • A大调弦乐六重奏（1876）
  • B大调长笛，单簧管，圆号，巴松和钢琴五重奏（1876）
  • 俄罗斯主题弦乐四重奏（1878-79; 1. - 3. 乐章改编为小交响曲 op.31）
  • G大调弦乐四重奏（1897）
  • c小调钢琴三重奏（1897）

參考資料

文獻

  • Chronik meines musikalischen Lebens. Leipzig: Reclam 1968
  • Ernst Kuhn (Hg.): Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakow, Zugänge zu Leben und Werk: Monographien - Schriften - Tagebücher - Verzeichnisse. Mit einem "Verzeichnis der musikalischen Werke Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakows", einer "Systematischen Auswahl-Bibliographie der internationalen Literatur zu Leben und Werk Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakows bis 1998" sowie einem Verzeichnis seiner Schüler. Berlin: Kuhn 2000 ISBN 3-928864-15-7

參見

外部連結

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：尼古拉·里姆斯基-科萨科夫

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