宋庆

宋庆(1820年—1902年),中国清代将领。祝三山东蓬莱县泊子宋家村人。宋庆出身于军伍。累升至湖南提督四川提督,手下军队号称“毅军”。

生平

早年

早年落魄,廿四岁时投靠同乡亳州知州宫国勋,据说是做宫的卫士。几年后,捻军孙之友部接受宫国勋的招抚,宫派宋庆统带之,号奇胜营,并荐授宋庆为千总,此为宋庆发跡的开始。

毅军

宋庆以这支部队为家底,参加南、北诸次剿太平軍,1853年(咸丰三年)在亳州镇压捻军有功;到同治元年(1861年)就因功升至总兵,得赐“毅勇巴图鲁”勇号。适逢新任安徽巡抚裁撤临淮军,将三个营拨归宋庆统带,因其勇号,称为毅军。

毅军成立后仍立功频频,如同治三年协助僧格林沁击灭苗沛霖;四年至七年间纵横于、直()、五省,专剿捻军。其间宋庆实授了南阳镇总兵,毅军自此也成为由河南协饷的军队。平捻之后,勇营大量裁撤,毅军因战功得以保留,并发展至十营左右,成为河南的两大留防勇营之一。

平捻次年1869年,毅军再奉调随左宗棠镇压陕甘回民起义,到光绪元年(1875年)调回内地,驻兵潼关。

其间宋庆先后升补了湖南提督、四川提督,但都未到任,还是统领着他的毅军四处拼杀。

驻防旅顺

光绪六年(1880年),中关系紧张。清政府开始经营旅顺军港,毅军奉调填防旅顺,直接受北洋大臣节制。毅军在旅顺一驻就是十多年。至甲午战前毅军有九营一哨兵力,宋庆加太子少保、尚书衔。毅军虽非李鸿章嫡系淮军,但受命专守北洋要港旅顺,足见其名声、战力不容小觑。

甲午战争

1894年中日甲午战争中,奉李鸿章之命赴九连城,代替叶志超任前方各军统领,因不能号令诸将,军队散乱无纪,导致旅顺失陷。[1]

后又辅佐刘坤一营口,再次被日军所败,丢失了辽河以东的大片领土,受革职留任处分。

武卫左军

1898年毅军改称武卫左军[2],驻屯锦州,1900年八国联军天津进犯北京,宋庆在北仓败退。

1902年宋庆因病死于北京通州军营[3]

轶事

延伸閱讀

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:清史稿·卷461》,出自趙爾巽清史稿
维基共享资源阅览影像分类

家庭

  • 妾:倪氏,以身殉夫[4]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 链接至维基文库 清史稿·卷461·列傳二百四十八. 维基文库 (中文). 
  2. ^ 民国初期的1912年,临时大总统袁世凯于4月30日命令武卫左军仍旧改称毅军。直到1927年3月,奉军入豫,将驻开封的毅军全部缴械,毅军才寿终正寢。
  3. ^ 宋庆死后,毅军由他的亲信姜桂题接管。
  4. ^ 光緒二十八年五月二十九日山東巡撫張人駿《奏為已故四川提督宋慶之妾宋倪氏以身殉夫請旨旌表事》,中國第一歷史檔案館藏,檔案號:

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