地平緯圈

天球上的天頂和與地平線平行的地平緯圈用紅色標記,地平線用綠色標記,恆星或太陽的路徑與地平線以下的區域也用藍色標記。

地平緯圈(英語:almucantar,也可以拼成almucantaratalmacantara)是在天球上與地平線平行的一個。位於同一地平緯圈上的兩顆恆星具有相同的高度這個名詞萊赫瑙島修道院的天文學家賴歇爾瑙的赫爾曼英语Hermann Contractus引入歐洲天文學中,是源自阿拉伯語的單詞從「qanṭarah」(「拱門,橋」)派生的「al-muqanṭarah」(「almucantar,日晷」,複數:「al-muqanṭarāt」)拉丁化[1][2]

地平緯圈尺規

地平緯圈尺規是一種主要用於確定日出日落時間的儀器,以便找到羅盤的振幅並因此找到其變化。通常由樹或黃楊木製成,拱形15°至30°[3],這是一個反向高度儀英语Backstaf的例子。

這是一幅地平緯圈尺規的畫。 有三個導版:水平導板(A)、投影導版(B)和瞄準導版(C)。

太陽將導版的陰影(相鄰影像中的B)投射到「水平導板」(A)上。水平導板有一個狹縫或孔,使觀察者能够看到遠處的地平線。觀察者將地平線和陰影對齊,使其顯示在水平導板上的同一點,並設定「瞄準導板」(C),使其視線與地平線對齊。太陽的高度是投影導板和瞄準導板之間的角度(B-A-C)。

太陽高度儀

包含太陽的水平緯圈平面用於描述氣溶膠的多次散射。使用分光輻射計英语Spectroradiometer光度計在太陽兩側的幾個角度快速進行量測。有幾種模型可以從太陽高度儀中獲得氣溶膠特性。最相關的由Oleg Dubovik英语Oleg Dubovik開發,並在NASA的航空網英语AERONET網絡和Teruyuki Nakajima英语Teruyuki Nakajima中使用(名稱為 SkyRad.pack)[4]

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ almucantar. 牛津英語詞典 (第三版). 牛津大學出版社. 2005-09 (英语). 
  2. ^ almucantar. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 
  3. ^ May, William Edward, A History of Marine Navigation, G. T. Foulis & Co. Ltd., Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1973, ISBN 0-85429-143-1
  4. ^ SkyRad.pack 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2015-03-12. (日語)
  • Adelaide Observatory: Almucantar graphs of hour angles, Adelaide, R. E. E. Rogers, Govt. printer, 1927.
  • Chandler, Seth Carlo, (1846–1913): The almucantar, Cambridge, J. Wilson and Son, 1887.
  • Dubovik, O. and M. D. King, 2000: A flexible inversion algorithm for retrieval of aerosol optical properties from Sun and sky radiance measurements," Journal of Geophysical Research, 105, 20 673-20 696 pdf version页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  • Nakajima T, Tonna G, Rao RZ, et al.:Use of sky brightness measurements from ground for remote sensing of particulate polydispersions, Applied Optics 35 (15), 2672–2686, 1996

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