喜瑪拉雅狼

喜瑪拉雅狼
尼泊爾安納布林納峰保護區內的喜瑪拉雅狼
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目： 食肉目 Carnivora
科： 犬科 Canidae
属： 犬属 Canis
种：
C. lupus
亚种：
喜瑪拉雅狼 C. l. chanco
三名法
Canis lupus chanco
Gray, 1863 [1]
喜馬拉雅狼分佈（高地紅點）與全北界灰狼（低地藍點）的比較[2]

喜馬拉雅狼（學名：Canis lupus chanco）[3]是一種具爭議的犬屬分類[2]。根據它的遺傳標記，其線粒體DNA顯示它的遺傳基群是北極灰狼，而在遺傳上則與藏狼相同[2][4][5]。喜瑪拉雅狼與非洲金狼（Canis lupaster）間也有關聯[2][5][6]。在喜瑪拉雅狼和藏狼的狼之間並沒有明顯的形態差異。[7]喜馬拉雅狼生活在喜馬拉雅山的拉達克、青藏高原[8][9]和中亞高地（英语：Mountains of Central Asia）。它們主要在海拔4000米以上。喜瑪拉雅狼已經適應了低氧環境，而其他狼只發現在低海拔地區。[9]

特徵

喜瑪拉雅狼

喜馬拉雅狼有厚厚的皮毛，背部和尾巴呈暗褐色，面部、腹部和四肢呈黃白色。它長約110厘米（45英寸），肩高76厘米（30英寸）[10][11][12][13]。比伊朗狼大[14]。口吻、眼睛下方、上臉頰和耳朵上都有緊密排列的黑色斑點[15]。重大約35公斤（77磅）[7]。

喜馬拉雅狼的心臟能承受高海拔地區的低氧水平，使它的心臟跳動的基因RYR2為其原因[16]。

生活習慣

喜馬拉雅狼是群居動物，一群狼的數量大約為6至8隻。一些喜馬拉雅狼的棲息範圍與印度狼重疊。然而，兩者似乎很少發生衝突。[17]

喜瑪拉雅狼通常在晚上捕獵，主要捕捉中小型動物。主要為齧齒動物和兔子，有時也會捕捉大型動物。其中包括岩羊、藏羚羊、喜馬拉雅旱獺等。[18]

參考文獻

  1. ^ Gray, J. E. Notice of the Chanco or Golden Wolf (Canis chanco) from Chinese Tartary. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1863: 94. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Werhahn, Geraldine; Senn, Helen; Ghazali, Muhammad; Karmacharya, Dibesh; Sherchan, Adarsh Man; Joshi, Jyoti; Kusi, Naresh; López-Bao, José Vincente; Rosen, Tanya; Kachel, Shannon; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio. The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation. Global Ecology and Conservation. 2018-10, 16 [2022-07-21]. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00455. （原始内容存档于2020-07-29） （英语）. 
  3. ^ Alvares, F.; Bogdanowicz, W.; Campbell, L.A.D.; Godinho, R.; Hatlauf, J.; Jhala, Y.V.; Kitchener, A. C.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Krofel, M.; Moehlman, P. D.; Senn, H.; Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Viranta, S.; Werhahn, G. Old World Canis spp. with taxonomic ambiguity: Workshop conclusions and recommendations (PDF) (报告). Vairão, Portugal: IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos. 28th–30th May 2019 [2020-03-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-03-08）. 
  4. ^ Ersmark, Erik; Klütsch, Cornelya F. C.; Chan, Yvonne L.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Fain, Steven R.; Illarionova, Natalia A.; Oskarsson, Mattias; Uhlén, Mathias; Zhang, Ya-ping; Dalén, Love; Savolainen, Peter. From the Past to the Present: Wolf Phylogeography and Demographic History Based on the Mitochondrial Control Region. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2016-12-02, 4 [2022-07-21]. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2016.00134. （原始内容存档于2017-03-13）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Werhahn, Geraldine; Senn, Helen; Kaden, Jennifer; Joshi, Jyoti; Bhattarai, Susmita; Kusi, Naresh; Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Macdonald, David W. Phylogenetic evidence for the ancient Himalayan wolf: towards a clarification of its taxonomic status based on genetic sampling from western Nepal. Royal Society Open Science. 2017-06, 4 (6) [2022-07-21]. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 5493914 可免费查阅. PMID 28680672. doi:10.1098/rsos.170186. （原始内容存档于2022-08-03） （英语）. 
  6. ^ Koepfli, Klaus-Peter; Pollinger, John; Godinho, Raquel; Robinson, Jacqueline; Lea, Amanda; Hendricks, Sarah; Schweizer, Rena M.; Thalmann, Olaf; Silva, Pedro; Fan, Zhenxin; Yurchenko, Andrey A. Genome-wide Evidence Reveals that African and Eurasian Golden Jackals Are Distinct Species. Current Biology. 2015-08, 25 (16) [2022-07-21]. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.060. （原始内容存档于2022-08-03） （英语）. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Shrotriya, S.; Lyngdoh, S.; Habib, B. Wolves in Trans-Himalayas: 165 years of taxonomic confusion (PDF). Current Science. 2012, 103 (8) [June 27, 2014]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-09-23）. 
  8. ^ Joshi, BheemDutt; Lyngdoh, Salvador; Singh, Sujeet Kumar; Sharma, Reeta; Kumar, Vinay; Tiwari, Ved Prakash; Dar, S. A.; Maheswari, Aishwarya; Pal, Ranjana; Bashir, Tawqir; Reshamwala, Hussain Saifee. Janke, Axel , 编. Revisiting the Woolly wolf (Canis lupus chanco) phylogeny in Himalaya: Addressing taxonomy, spatial extent and distribution of an ancient lineage in Asia. PLOS ONE. 2020-04-16, 15 (4). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7162449 可免费查阅. PMID 32298359. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231621 （英语）. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Werhahn, Geraldine; Liu, Yanjiang; Meng, Yao; Cheng, Chen; Lu, Zhi; Atzeni, Luciano; Deng, Zhixiong; Kun, Shi; Shao, Xinning; Lu, Qi; Joshi, Jyoti. Himalayan wolf distribution and admixture based on multiple genetic markers. Journal of Biogeography. 2020-06, 47 (6) [2022-07-21]. ISSN 0305-0270. doi:10.1111/jbi.13824. （原始内容存档于2022-07-21） （英语）. 
  10. ^ Hodgson, B. H. 7. Description of the Wild Ass (Asinus polydon) and Wolf of Tibet (Lupus laniger). Calcutta Journal of Natural History. 1847, 7: 469–477. 
  11. ^ Blanford, W. T. Canis lupus. The Wolf. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia First. London: Taylor and Francis. 1888: 135–140. 
  12. ^ Lydekker, R. The Tibetan Wolf. The great and small game of India, Burma, and Tibet. London: R. Ward. 1900: 339–340. 
  13. ^ Pocock, R. I. Canis lupus chanco Gray. The Woolly Wolf. Fauna of British India. Mammals Volume 2. London: Taylor and Francis. 1941: 86–90. 
  14. ^ Jerdon, T. C. The Indian wolf. The mammals of India: a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India. London: John Wheldon. 1874: 140–141. 
  15. ^ Chetri, Madhu; Jhala, Yadvendradev; Jnawali, Shant Raj; Subedi, Naresh; Dhakal, Maheshwar; Yumnam, Bibek. Ancient Himalayan wolf (Canis lupus chanco) lineage in Upper Mustang of the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. ZooKeys. 2016-04-21, 582 [2022-07-21]. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4857050 可免费查阅. PMID 27199590. doi:10.3897/zookeys.582.5966. （原始内容存档于2022-01-26）. 
  16. ^ Zhang, Wenping; Fan, Zhenxin; Han, Eunjung; Hou, Rong; Zhang, Liang; Galaverni, Marco; Huang, Jie; Liu, Hong; Silva, Pedro; Li, Peng; Pollinger, John P. Akey, Joshua M. , 编. Hypoxia Adaptations in the Grey Wolf (Canis lupus chanco) from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. PLoS Genetics. 2014-07-31, 10 (7). ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4117439 可免费查阅. PMID 25078401. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004466 （英语）. 
  17. ^ Himalayan Wolf. Wolf Facts. [2022-01-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-23）. 
  18. ^ Himalayan Wolf (Canis himalayensis). The Wolf Intelligencer. [2022-01-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-11）.