哈提語

提示：此条目的主题不是赫梯語。
哈提語
区域安納托利亞
族群哈提人
年代西元前二千年[1]
語系
語言代碼
ISO 639-3xht
语言学家列表xht
Glottologhatt1246[2]

哈提語（Hattic）或者哈提安語（Hattian）是一種非印歐語系的黏着語[3][4]，由公元前 2 世紀小亞細亞的哈提人使用。語言學家將這種語言稱為「Hattic」，以區別於赫梯帝國的印歐語系赫梯語。赫梯人稱該語言為「hattili」（哈提語本身沒有對自身語言的名稱）。該名字無疑與亞述人和埃及人將幼發拉底河以西的地區稱為「哈蒂之地」（Khatti）有關。

在赫梯語使用者到來之前，安納托利亞最古老的語言的中心地帶範圍從哈圖沙（之後的「哈圖斯」）向北到內里克（英语：Nerik），其他城市包括圖胡米亞拉（Tuhumiyara）和蒂薩魯利亞（Tissaruliya）。西元前 18 世紀，講赫梯語的人征服了從卡內什（英语：Kültepe）到南部的哈圖斯。他們最終同化或取代了哈提語使用者（即哈提人），但又保留了該地區「Hatti」的稱呼。該地區居民的名字同樣與聖經中的赫斯 (Heth) 相同，而英語單詞赫梯 (Hittite) 又源於該詞。

語言分類

保守的觀點認為哈提語是一種孤立語言，與鄰近的印歐語和閃米特語不同。然而，根據地名和人名，其似乎可能與其他未經證實的卡斯基亞語有關。哈提語與阿布哈索-阿迪格語（西北高加索語系）以及卡特維利亞語（南高加索語系）之間的某些相似之處亦導致一些學者提出了從安納托利亞中部到高加索地區有存在着語言集團的可能性[5][6][7][8]。根據Alexey Kassian的說法，哈提語和葉尼塞語以及布魯夏斯基語之間也可能存在詞彙對應關係。例如，「舌頭」在哈提語中是alef，而在科特語中是alup，「月亮」在哈提語中是kap，在凱特語中是qīp，「山」在哈提語中是ziš，在布魯夏斯基語中是ćhiṣ（亦可與「*čɨʔs」– 原始葉尼塞語中的「石頭」一詞比較）[9][10]。

詞彙

一些已知的哈提語詞彙包括：

  • alef = 舌頭
  • ashaf = 神
  • fa-zari = 人類、人口
  • fel = 房子
  • *findu = 「酒」（在複合詞「findu-qkaram」（酒匙）中找到）
  • fur = 土地
  • Furun-Katte（英语：Wurunkatte） = 「大地之王」，哈提戰神
  • Furu-Semu（英语：Wurusemu） = 哈提太陽女神
  • Hanfasuit（英语：Ḫalmašuit） = 哈提王座女神
  • hilamar = 寺廟
  • Kasku = 哈提月神
  • katte = 國王
  • -nifas = 坐
  • pinu = 兒童
  • zari = 凡人
  • -zi = 放…

參考資料

  1. ^ 哈提語 at MultiTree on the Linguist List
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Hattic. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ Kevin James, A Mystery in Clay: Codes, Languages, and a Journey Through Time to the Last Ice Age, p.148, AuthorHouse, 2009: "They called themselves Hattie, and spoke a non-Indo-European language called Hattic."
  4. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol. 22, p.593: "The non-Indo-European Hattic is an agglutinative language ..."
  5. ^ Ivanov, Vyacheslav V. (1985). "On the Relationship of Hattic to the Northwest Caucasian languages," in B.B. Piotrovskij, Vyacheslav V. Ivanov, and Vladislav G. Ardzinba (eds.), Anatoliya – Ancient Anatolia, Moscow: Nauka. pp 26–59 (in Russian)
  6. ^ John Colarusso (1997). Peoples of the Caucasus; in Introduction to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life; Pepper Pike, Ohio: Eastword Publications
  7. ^ Ardzinba, V.G. (1979). “Nekotorye sxodnye strukturnye priznaki xattskogo i abxazo-adygskix jazykov”. Peredneasiatskij Sbornik III: i storija i filologija a tran drevnego vostoka, pp 26-37. Moscow: Nauka
  8. ^ Dunaevskaja, I.M. & D´jakonov, I.M. (1979). “Xattskij (protoxettskij) jazyk”. Jazyki Azii i Afriki, III. Jazyki drevnej perednej Azii (nesemitskie), Iberijsko-Kavkazskie jazyki, Paleoaziatskie jazyki. G.D. Sanžeev, (ed.) pp 79-83. Moskva. Nauka
  9. ^ Касьян А.С. (2010). Хаттский язык // Языки мира: Древние реликтовые языки Передней Азии / РАН. Институт языкознания. Под ред. Н.Н. Казанского, А.А. Кибрика, Ю.Б. Корякова. М.: Academia. (in Russian)
  10. ^ Kassian, A. (2009–2010) Hattic as a Sino-Caucasian language // Ugarit-Forschungen. Internationales Jahrbuch für die Altertumskunde Syrien-Palästinas. Bd 41. pp 309–447.

相關文獻

  • Akurgal, Ekrem – The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations; Publications of the Republic of Turkey; Ministry of Culture; 2001; 300 pages; ISBN 975-17-2756-1
  • Ardzinba, Vladislav. (1974): Some Notes on the Typological Affinity Between Hattian and North-West Caucasian (Abkhazo-Adygian) Languages. In: "Internationale Tagung der Keilschriftforscher der sozialistischen Länder", Budapest, 23.-25. April 1974. Zusammenfassung der Vorträge (Assyriologica 1), p. 10-15.
  • Ardzinba, V.G. (1979): “Nekotorye sxodnye strukturnye priznaki xattskogo i abxazo-adygskix jazykov”. Peredneasiatskij Sbornik III: istorija i filologija stran drevnego vostoka, 26-37. Moscow: Nauka
  • Chirikba, Viacheslav (1996): Common West Caucasian. The Reconstruction of its Phonological System and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology. Leiden: CNWS Publications, 452 pp. [Chapter XI. The relation of West Caucasian to Hattic, p. 406-432].
  • Dunaevskaja, Irina. (1973): Bemerkungen zu einer neuen Darstellung altkleinasiatischer Sprachen. 2. Zum Hattischen. In: Orientalische Literaturzeitung 68, Leipzig, 1/2.
  • Дунаевская И. М. О структурном сходстве хаттского языка с языками северо-западного Кавказа. – Сборник в честь академика Н. А. Орбели. – М.-Л., 1960.
  • Dunaevskaja, I. M. & D´jakonov, I. M. 1979. “Xattskij (protoxettskij) jazyk”. In: Jazyki Azii i Afriki, III. Jazyki drevnej perednej Azii (nesemitskie), Iberijsko-Kavkazskie jazyki, Paleoaziatskie jazyki, ed. by G. D. Sanžeev, p. 79-83. Moskva. Nauka.text online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Girbal, Christian. (1986): Beiträge zur Grammatik des Hattischen (Europäische Hochschulschriften Reihe XXI, Bd. 50). Frankfurt am Main, Bern, New York: Verlag Peter Lang, V+201 pages.
  • Goedegebuure, Petra M. (2010): The Alignment of Hattian. An Active Language with Ergative Base. Babel und Bibel 4/2: 949-981 (= Leonid Kogan et al. (Hg.): Language in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 53e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale I.2.). text online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Ivanov, Vyacheslav V., "On the Relationship of Hattic to the Northwest Caucasian Languages," in B. B. Piotrovskij, Vyacheslav V. Ivanov and Vladislav G. Ardzinba, eds., Drevnyaya Anatoliya – Ancient Anatolia, Moscow: Nauka (1985) 26-59. In Russian with English summary.
  • Kammenhuber, Annelis (1969): Das Hattische. In: Handbuch der Orientalistik, Abteilung I, Bd II, Abschn. 1/2.
  • Касьян А.С. (2010). Хаттский язык // Языки мира: Древние реликтовые языки Передней Азии / РАН. Институт языкознания. Под ред. Н.Н. Казанского, А.А. Кибрика, Ю.Б. Корякова. М.: Academia. (in Russian). text online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Klinger, Jörg. (1996): (StBoT 37) Untersuchungen zur Rekonstruktion der hattischen Kultschicht. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, xx+916 p.
  • Rizza, Alfredo. (2007): I pronomi enclitici nei testi etei di traduzione dal Hattico. Pavia. (Studia Mediterranea 20).
  • Schrijver, Peter (2018): The Verbal Syntax of Hattian. Altorientalische Forschungen 2018; 45(2): 213–245. text online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Schrijver, Peter (2019): Talking Neolithic: The Case for Hatto-Minoan and its Relationship to Sumerian. In Kroonen, Guus and Mallory, James P. and Comrie, Bernard (eds.), Proceedings of the workshop on Indo-European origins held at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, December 2-3, 2013, 336-374. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man. text online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Schuster, H.-S. (1974): Die hattisch-hethitischen Bilinguen. I. Einleitung, Texte und Kommentar. Teil 1. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  • Soysal, Oğuz (2004): Hattischer Wortschatz in hethitischer Textüberlieferung, Leiden/Boston: Brill.
  • Taracha, P. (1995): Zum Stand der hattischen Studien: Mögliches und Unmögliches in der Erforschung des Hattischen. In: Atti del II Congresso Internaziomale di Hittitologia a curo di Onofrio Carruba – Mauro Giorgieri – Clelia Mora. Studia mediterranea. 9. Gianni Iuculano Editore. Pavia, p. 351-358.
  • Kevin Tuite (Université de Montréal): The rise and fall and revival of the Ibero-Caucasian hypothesis. text online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Zsolt, Simon. (2012): Untersuchungen zur hattischen Grammatik. Phonologie, Morphologie und Syntax. Budapest, PhD thesis. text online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

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