化学气相沉积

化學氣相沉積(英語:chemical vapor deposition,簡稱CVD)是一種用來產生純度高、性能好的固態材料的化學技術。半導體產業使用此技術來成長薄膜。典型的CVD製程是將晶圓(基底)暴露在一種或多種不同的前趨物下,在基底表面發生化學反應或/及化學分解來產生欲沉積的薄膜。反應過程中通常也會伴隨地產生不同的副產品,但大多會隨著氣流被帶走,而不會留在反應腔(reaction chamber)中。

微制程大都使用CVD技术来沉积不同形式的材料,包括单晶多晶非晶磊晶材料。这些材料有碳纤维碳奈米纤维奈米线奈米碳管SiO2硅锗硅碳氮化硅氮氧化硅及各种不同的高介電係數英语High-κ dielectric等材料。CVD制程也常用来生成合成钻石

化學氣相沉積的種類

一些CVD技術被廣泛地使用及在文獻中被提起。這些技術有不同的起始化學反應機制(如活化機制)及不同的製程條件。

  • 以反應時的壓力分類
    • 常壓化學氣相沉積(Atmospheric Pressure CVD,APCVD):在常壓環境下的CVD製程。
    • 低壓化學氣相沉積(Low-pressure CVD,LPCVD):在低壓環境下的CVD製程。降低壓力可以減少不必要的氣相反應,以增加晶圓上薄膜的一致性。大部份現今的CVD製程都是使用LPCVD或UHVCVD。
    • 超高真空化學氣相沉積(Ultrahigh vacuum CVD,UHVCVD:在非常低壓環境下的CVD製程。大多低於10-6 Pa (約為10-8 torr)。註:在其他領域,高真空和超高真空英语ultra-high vacuum大都是指同樣的真空度,約10-7 Pa。
  • 以氣相的特性分類
    • 氣溶膠輔助氣相沉積(Aerosol assisted CVD,AACVD):使用液體/氣體的氣溶膠的前驅物成長在基底上,成長速度非常快。此種技術適合使用非揮發的前驅物。
    • 直接液体注入化学气相沉积(Direct liquid injection CVD,DLICVD):使用液体(液体或固体溶解在合适的溶液中)形式的前驱物。液相溶液被注入到蒸发腔里变成注入物。接着前驱物经由传统的CVD技术沉积在基底上。此技术适合使用液体或固体的前驱物。此技术可达到很多的成长速率。
  • 电浆技术(可参考电浆制程英语Plasma processing
    • 微波等离子体辅助化学气相沉积(Microwave plasma-assisted CVD,MPCVD)
    • 等离子体增强化学气相沉积法(Plasma-Enhanced CVD,PECVD):利用等离子体增加前驱物的反应速率。PECVD技术允许在低温的环境下成长,这是半导体制造中广泛使用PECVD的最重要原因。
    • 远距电浆增强化学气相沉积(Remote plasma-enhanced CVD,RPECVD):和PECVD技术很相近的技术。但晶圆不直接放在电浆放电的区域,反而放在距离电浆远一点的地方。晶圆远离电浆区域可以让制程温度降到室温。
  • 原子層化學氣相氣相沉積(Atomic layer CVD,ALCVD):連續沉積不同材料的晶體薄膜層。參見原子層磊晶(原子层沉积)。
  • 熱絲化學氣相沉積(Hot wire CVD,HWCVD):也稱做觸媒化學氣相沉積(Catalytic CVD,Cat-CVD)或熱燈絲化學氣相沉積(Hot filament CVD,HFCVD)。使用熱絲化學分解來源氣體。[1]
  • 快速熱化學氣相沉積(Rapid thermal CVD, RTCVD):使用加熱燈或其他方法快速加熱晶圓。只對基底加熱,而不是氣體或腔壁。可以減少不必要的氣相反應,以免產生不必要的粒子
  • 氣相外延(Vapor phase epitaxy, VPE)

通常用于集成电路的沉积材料

本节讨论通常用于集成电路的CVD工艺。不同的材料会应用于不同的环境。

多晶硅

多晶硅是从硅烷(SiH4)沉积所得到的。使用以下反应:

SiH4 → Si + 2 H2

这种反应通常使用低压化学气相沉积系统(LPCVD),使用单纯的硅烷或用70-80%的氮硅烷作为原料。在温度在600°C至650°C之间,压力为25~150帕斯卡的条件下,沉积速度在每分钟10至20纳米之间。另一种工艺使用氢为还原剂。氢气会降低增长速度,所以温度提高到850甚至1050℃进行补偿。 多晶硅的沉积可以和掺杂同时进行。即把磷,砷或者乙硼烷加入CVD反应腔。乙硼烷的会令增长率增加,但砷化氢和磷化氢会令沉积速度减小。

二氧化硅

SiH4+O2 → SiO2+2H2

氮化硅

使用以下反应:SiH4 + 4 N2O → SiO2 + 2 H2O + 4 N2.

金属

通常用于高分子聚合的沉积材料

聚对二甲苯(parylene)以及其衍生物

Parylene-N的單體經過高溫爐(約攝氏600-800度)裂解後會形成自由基,而最後隨著帶入的惰性氣體沉積在低溫的表面上

大多數parylenes是鈍化薄膜或塗層。這意味著他們保護的設備可以防止水,化學品的侵害。這是一個重要的特點,然而在許多應用上都需要鍵結的其他材料在聚對二甲苯上,例如對二甲苯對二甲苯,對二甲苯表面固定催化劑或酶......。一些的反應性對二甲苯,例如:1.胺基對二甲苯(一個胺在每個重複單元,Kisco公司產品)2.一甲基胺對二甲苯(一甲基胺每個重複單元,Kisco公司產品)

一甲基胺对二甲苯胺基对二甲苯有更大的反应性,因为它带着更强的硷基。当相邻的苯环胺组,胺基,是在稳定的共振,因此变得更加酸性,相对碱性较弱。然而[胺基对二甲苯]是更容易合成,因此它的成本较低。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Schropp, R.E.I.; B. Stannowski, A.M. Brockhoff, P.A.T.T. van Veenendaal and J.K. Rath. Hot wire CVD of heterogeneous and polycrystalline silicon semiconducting thin films for application in thin film transistors and solar cells (PDF). Materials Physics and Mechanics: 73–82. [2008-03-31]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-05-13). 

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