人馬座B2

人馬座B2
星云
觀測資料: J2000.0[1] epoch
赤经17h 47m 20.4s[1]
赤纬-28° 23′ 07″[1]
星座人馬座
物理性質
半径23 pc
名稱人馬座B2、Sagittarius B2、Sgr B2
相關條目:星雲列表

人馬座B2Sgr B2)是一個由氣體和塵埃組成的巨分子雲,距離銀河系的中心大約120秒差距(390光年)。這個複合體是核心附近最大的分子雲,也是銀河系中最大的分子雲之一,橫跨大約45秒差距(150光年) [2],總質量約為太陽質量的300萬倍[3]。分子雲內氫的平均密度為每立方公分3,000個原子,大約是典型分子雲密度的20〜40倍[4]

這個分子雲的內部結構很複雜,雲內各處的密度和溫度都不相同。雲的核心分為三個主要部分,分別標示為北(N)、中(M)(也可以說是主區)和南(S)。因此,人馬座 B2(N)代表北核;人馬座B2(M)和人馬座B2(N) 是恆星形成的場所。最初發現的10個H II區依序從A標示至J[5]。H II區A–G、I和J在人馬座B2(M),K在人馬座B2(N),和H在人馬座B2(S)[6]。核心的恆星形成區域寬約5秒差距,其輻射約為太陽光度的1,000萬倍[7]

雲由各種複雜分子組成,特別令人感興趣的是酒精。雲中還包含乙醇乙烯醇甲醇;這些都是由於原子聚集而重新形成的分子。這些組合物是試圖發現胺基酸時,通過光譜儀發現的。還發現了一種甲酸乙酯,它是胺基酸的主要前身。這種酯也是覆盆子風味的來源[8],導致一些關於人馬座B2的文章假設雲內有"覆盆子朗姆酒"的味道[9][10]。在雲中還檢測到存在大量的丁腈(丙腈)和其它烷基氰化物[11]

雲中的溫度從稠密恆星形成區的300 K(27 °C)變化到周圍外殼40 K(−233.2 °C)[12]。由於人馬座B2中的平均溫度和壓力較低,基於原子直接相互作用的化學反應極其緩慢。然而,人馬座B2複合體包含由矽核組成的冷塵埃顆粒,矽核被水冰包覆和各種碳化合物包圍著。這些顆粒的表面允許通過積聚分子發生化學反應,然後這些分子可以與鄰近的化合物相互作用。由此產生的化合物可以經由蒸發從表面進入分子雲內[2]

在102103μm的波長範圍內,可以很容易地觀察到雲5中的分子成分[2]。大約一半的已知星際分子最初都是在人馬座B2附近發現的,之後幾乎所有其它現時已知的分子,都在此處一一被檢測到[13]

歐洲太空總署γ-射線天文台國際伽瑪射線天體物理實驗室(INTEGRAL)曾經觀測到人馬座B2的γ-射線活動,導致分子雲輻射出X-射線。這些能量是由在銀河系核心的超大質量黑洞(SMBH)人馬座A*於大約350年前散發出來的。估計這次爆發的總能量比人馬座A*現在輸出的要強百萬倍[14][15]。2011年,日本天文學家用朱雀號衛星觀察了銀河系中心,支持了這一結論[16]

相關條目

參考資料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 NAME Sgr B2. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Chown, Marcus. Star attraction. New Scientist. November 27, 1999 [2007-10-29]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-12). 
  3. ^ Solomon, P. M. Giancarlo Setti; Giovanni G. Fazio , 编. Physics of Molecular Clouds from Millimeter Wave Length Observations. Infrared Astronomy (New York: Springer). 1978. ISBN 90-277-0871-1. 
  4. ^ Goldsmith, Paul F.; Lis, Dariusz C.; Hills, Richard; Lasenby, Joan. High angular resolution submillimeter observations of Sagittarius B2. Astrophysical Journal. 1990, 350: 186–194. Bibcode:1990ApJ...350..186G. doi:10.1086/168372. 
  5. ^ Lis, Dariusz C.; Goldsmith, Paul F. Modeling of the continuum and molecular line emission from the Sagittarius B2 molecular cloud. Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 1990, 356: 195–210. Bibcode:1990ApJ...356..195L. doi:10.1086/168830. 
  6. ^ Takagi, Shin-ichiro; Murakami, Hiroshi; Koyama, Katsuji. X-Ray Sources and Star Formation Activity in the Sagittarius B2 Cloud Observed with Chandra. The Astrophysical Journal. 2002, 573 (1): 275–282. Bibcode:2002ApJ...573..275T. S2CID 119426549. arXiv:astro-ph/0203035可免费查阅. doi:10.1086/340499. 
  7. ^ Wolstencroft, Ramon D.; William Butler Burton. Millimetre and Submillimetre Astronomy. Springer. 1988. ISBN 90-277-2763-5. 
  8. ^ Gupta, Richa. Raspberries and Rum- Sagittarius B2. Astronaut. 2015-08-12 [2020-07-25]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-18) (美国英语). 
  9. ^ A raspberry flavoured galactic centre with a hint of rum. Wiley Analytical Science. [2020-07-25]. doi:10.1002/sepspec.21408ezine (不活跃 2022-05-01). (原始内容存档于2022-07-18) (英语). 
  10. ^ Team, How It Works. The Milky Way smells of rum and tastes like raspberries. How It Works. 2015-12-03 [2020-07-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-12-29) (英国英语). 
  11. ^ Belloche, A.; Garrod, R. T.; Müller, H. S. P.; Menten, K. M.; Comito, C.; Schilke, P. Increased complexity in interstellar chemistry: detection and chemical modeling of ethyl formate and n-propyl cyanide in Sagittarius B2(N). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2009-05-01, 499 (1): 215–232 [2022-07-18]. Bibcode:2009A&A...499..215B. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 98625608. arXiv:0902.4694可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200811550. (原始内容存档于2021-06-30) (英语). 
  12. ^ de Vicente, P.; Martin-Pintado, J.; Wilson, T. L. A Hot Ring in the SGR B2 Molecular Cloud. Proceedings Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series. La Serena, Chile: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.: 64–67. March 10–15, 1996. Bibcode:1996ASPC..102...64D. 
  13. ^ S. E. Cummins; R. A. Linke; P. Thaddeus. A survey of the millimeter-wave spectrum of Sagittarius B2. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 1986, 60: 819–878. Bibcode:1986ApJS...60..819C. doi:10.1086/191102. 
  14. ^ Staff. Integral rolls back history of Milky Way's super-massive black hole. Hubble News Desk. January 28, 2005 [2007-10-31]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-16). 
  15. ^ M. G. Revnivtsev; et al. Hard X-ray view of the past activity of Sgr A* in a natural Compton mirror. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 2004, 425: L49–L52. Bibcode:2004A&A...425L..49R. S2CID 18872302. arXiv:astro-ph/0408190可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400064. 
  16. ^ M. Nobukawa; et al. New Evidence for High Activity of the Supermassive Black Hole in our Galaxy. The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 2011, 739 (2): L52. Bibcode:2011ApJ...739L..52N. S2CID 119244398. arXiv:1109.1950可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/739/2/L52. 

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