WIV1病毒

WIV1病毒
病毒分類 编辑
(未分级) 病毒 Virus
域: 核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界: 正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
门: 小核糖病毒门 Pisuviricota
纲: 小南嵌套病毒纲 Pisoniviricetes
目: 套式病毒目 Nidovirales
科: 冠状病毒科 Coronaviridae
属: 乙型冠狀病毒屬 Betacoronavirus
亚属: SARS乙型冠状病毒亚属 Sarbecovirus
种:
毒株
WIV1病毒 SL-CoV-WIV1

WIV1病毒(SL-CoV-WIV1)是嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症相關冠狀病毒(SARSr-CoV)的一個病毒株,與造成SARS事件SARS-CoV基因組序列相似度為95%,與在同一批樣本中發現且同時發表的Rs3367序列幾乎完全相同。此病毒株在中國雲南中華菊頭蝠中發現,於2013年發表,是第一個被成功分離的蝙蝠SARSr-CoV,也是第一個被證實與SARS-CoV一樣可使用血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)為受體感染細胞的蝙蝠SARSr-CoV病毒株。

發現

2011年4月至2012年9月,中國科學院武漢病毒研究所石正麗實驗室的研究人員於中國雲南昆明採集中華菊頭蝠的腸道與糞便樣本,分析後發現其中除Rs672Rf1HKU3等數種已知的病毒株外,還有兩個新病毒株,命名為SHC014與Rs3367,兩病毒株的基因組大小均為29787nt,全基因組序列與SARS-CoV的相似度均為95%,刺突蛋白中與宿主細胞受體結合的受體結合結構域(receptor binding domain, RBD)胺基酸序列分別為85%與96%,皆高於當時已知的其他SARSr-CoV病毒株[1],且兩者的RBD均不具有常見於其他蝙蝠SARSr-CoV、分別長5和12個胺基酸的兩段序列缺失,不過基因組中對SARS跨物種傳播相當重要的ORF8,SHC014及Rs3367與SARS病毒在此區胺基酸序列的相似度分別只有32.2%與33%[2]

研究人員以含有病毒的樣本感染Vero E6細胞,成功分離出病毒,並在電子顯微鏡下觀察到病毒顆粒,將其命名為WIV1病毒,此為首次有蝙蝠SARSr-CoV被成功分離。序列分析結果顯示WIV1病毒的序列與Rs3367幾乎相同。細胞實驗結果顯示此病毒與SARS-CoV一樣,使用血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)為受體感染細胞,是首度證實蝙蝠SARSr-CoV可使用此受體造成感染,並進一步支持SARS-CoV起源自蝙蝠病毒的假說[1]

後續研究

SARS-CoV的刺突蛋白除人類的ACE2外,尚可與果子狸恆河猴雪貂水鼬等動物的ACE2結合造成感染,但不能結合蝙蝠老鼠的ACE2,WIV1病毒的刺突蛋白則可與上述所有動物的ACE2結合[註 1],顯示其具備跨越物種障礙感染人類與其他動物的潛力[3]。2016年,北卡羅來納大學教堂山分校拉爾夫·S·巴里克研究團隊製作了表現WIV1病毒刺突蛋白、且已適應小鼠體內環境的重組SARS病毒WIV1-MA15,發現此重組病毒雖無法在正常小鼠中造成有效感染,但可感染具有人類ACE2受體(hACE2)以模擬人體環境的小鼠,惟症狀比SARS-CoV的感染弱,此實驗結果亦顯示WIV1病毒可能可感染人類[4][5]。另外,WIV1病毒與SARS-CoV一樣可能利用宿主細胞表面的跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2(TMPRSS2)以促進感染[3]

WIV1病毒基因組與SARS-CoV的主要差別是前者在ORF6與ORF7間多出了一個開放閱讀框ORFX,體外細胞實驗結果顯示缺少ORFX不會導致WIV病毒感染細胞的能力下降,但ORFX編碼的蛋白可能可以抑制宿主細胞的干擾素β,並刺激NF-κB表現,進而調節宿主的免疫反應。另一與SARS-CoV相關的蝙蝠病毒株WIV16亦具有ORFX[6]

演化樹

截至2021年1月 (2021-01)SARS-CoV與相關病毒株的系統發生樹

16BO133 與SARS-COV相似度82.8 % · 马铁菊头蝠 · 韓國全羅北道 (2016年採集、2019年發表)[7]

Rf1 87.8 % · 马铁菊头蝠 · 中國湖北宜昌 (2004年採集、2005年發表)[8]

BtCoV HKU3 87.9 % · 中华菊头蝠 · 香港、中國廣東 (2004年採集、2005年發表、2010年又發表若干新病毒株)[9]

LYRa11 90.9 % · 中菊头蝠 · 中國雲南保山 (2011年採集、2014年發表)[10]

Rp3 92.6 % · 皮氏菊头蝠 · 中國廣西南寧 (2004年採集、2005年發表)[8]

SL-CoV YNLF_31C 93.5 % · 马铁菊头蝠 · 中國雲南禄丰 (2013年採集、2015年發表)[2]

SL-CoV YNLF_34C 93.5 % · 马铁菊头蝠 · 中國雲南禄丰 (2013年採集、2015年發表)[2]

SHC014 95.4 % · 中華菊頭蝠 · 中國雲南昆明 (2011年採集、2013年發表)[11]

WIV1 95.6 % · 中华菊头蝠 · 中國雲南昆明 (2012年採集、2013年發表)[11]

WIV16 96.0 % · 中华菊头蝠 · 中國雲南昆明 (2013年採集、2016年發表)[12]

果子貍SARS冠狀病毒 99.8 % · 果子狸 · 中國廣東[9]

SARS-CoV 100 %

SARS-CoV-2 79 %

  蝙蝠病毒
  果子狸病毒
  人類病毒


註腳

  1. ^ 但與人類ACE2受體(hACE2)的結合能力弱於SARS-CoV[3]

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Ge, Xing-Yi; Li, Jia-Lu; Yang, Xing-Lou; Chmura, Aleksei A.; Zhu, Guangjian; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Mazet, Jonna K.; Hu, Ben; et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013, 503 (7477): 535–538. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/nature12711. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lau, Susanna K. P.; Feng, Yun; Chen, Honglin; Luk, Hayes K. H.; Yang, Wei-Hong; Li, Kenneth S. M.; Zhang, Yu-Zhen; Huang, Yi; Song, Zhi-Zhong; Chow, Wang-Ngai; Fan, Rachel Y. Y. Perlman, S. , 编. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus ORF8 Protein Is Acquired from SARS-Related Coronavirus from Greater Horseshoe Bats through Recombination. Journal of Virology. 2015-10-15, 89 (20). ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 4580176可免费查阅. PMID 26269185. doi:10.1128/JVI.01048-15 (英语). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Zheng, Mei; Zhao, Xuesen; Zheng, Shuangli; Chen, Danying; Du, Pengcheng; Li, Xinglin; Jiang, Dong; Guo, Ju-Tao; Zeng, Hui; Lin, Hanxin. Bat SARS-Like WIV1 coronavirus uses the ACE2 of multiple animal species as receptor and evades IFITM3 restriction via TMPRSS2 activation of membrane fusion. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2020, 9 (1): 1567–1579. ISSN 2222-1751. doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1787797. 
  4. ^ Menachery, Vineet D.; Yount, Boyd L.; Sims, Amy C.; Debbink, Kari; Agnihothram, Sudhakar S.; Gralinski, Lisa E.; Graham, Rachel L.; Scobey, Trevor; et al. SARS-like WIV1-CoV poised for human emergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016, 113 (11): 3048–3053. ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517719113. 
  5. ^ New SARS-like virus is poised to infect humans. Science Daily. 2016-03-14 [2021-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-10). 
  6. ^ Zeng, Lei-Ping; Gao, Yu-Tao; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Qian; Peng, Cheng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Tan, Bing; Chen, Jing; Chmura, Aleksei A.; Daszak, Peter; Shi, Zheng-Li; Perlman, S. Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response. Journal of Virology. 2016, 90 (14): 6573–6582. ISSN 0022-538X. doi:10.1128/JVI.03079-15. 
  7. ^ Kim, Yongkwan; Son, Kidong; Kim, Young-Sik; Lee, Sook-Young; Jheong, Weonhwa; Oem, Jae-Ku. Complete genome analysis of a SARS-like bat coronavirus identified in the Republic of Korea. Virus Genes. 2019-08, 55 (4). ISSN 0920-8569. PMC 7089380可免费查阅. PMID 31076983. doi:10.1007/s11262-019-01668-w (英语). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 Li, Wendong; Shi, Zhengli; Yu, Meng; Ren, Wuze; Smith, Craig; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Wang, Hanzhong; Crameri, Gary; Hu, Zhihong; Zhang, Huajun; Zhang, Jianhong. Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses. Science. 2005-10-28, 310 (5748). ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.1118391 (英语). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Ge, Xing-Yi; Hu, Ben; Shi, Zheng-Li. Bat Coronaviruses. Wang, Lin-Fa (编). Bats and Viruses. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2015-06-26: 127–155. ISBN 978-1-118-81882-4. doi:10.1002/9781118818824.ch5 (英语). 
  10. ^ He, Biao; Zhang, Yuzhen; Xu, Lin; Yang, Weihong; Yang, Fanli; Feng, Yun; Xia, Lele; Zhou, Jihua; Zhen, Weibin; Feng, Ye; Guo, Huancheng. Perlman, S. , 编. Identification of Diverse Alphacoronaviruses and Genomic Characterization of a Novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus from Bats in China. Journal of Virology. 2014-06-15, 88 (12). ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 4054348可免费查阅. PMID 24719429. doi:10.1128/JVI.00631-14 (英语). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Ge, Xing-Yi; Li, Jia-Lu; Yang, Xing-Lou; Chmura, Aleksei A.; Zhu, Guangjian; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Mazet, Jonna K.; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Wei; Peng, Cheng; Zhang, Yu-Ji. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013-11, 503 (7477). Bibcode:2013Natur.503..535G. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5389864可免费查阅. PMID 24172901. doi:10.1038/nature12711 (英语). 
  12. ^ Yang, Xing-Lou; Hu, Ben; Wang, Bo; Wang, Mei-Niang; Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Wei; Wu, Li-Jun; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Yun-Zhi; Daszak, Peter; Wang, Lin-Fa. Perlman, S. , 编. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Journal of Virology. 2016-03-15, 90 (6). ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 4810638可免费查阅. PMID 26719272. doi:10.1128/JVI.02582-15 (英语). 

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