Toll基因家族

Toll基因[注 1]编码Toll样受体蛋白家族。Toll基因的突变最初由1995年诺贝尔奖得主克里斯汀·紐斯林-沃爾哈德以及艾瑞克·威斯喬斯以及他们的同事於1985年在黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）体内发现[1]，并由凯瑟琳·安德森的实验室在1988年克隆[2]。至今，共确认了十三种哺乳动物的Toll基因。在苍蝇体内，Toll基因最初被认为是一种对胚胎發育中的背-腹轴建立过程很重要的基因。1996年，研究人员发现，Toll基因会在苍蝇对真菌感染的免疫过程中发挥作用[3]。哺乳动物和無脊椎動物的Toll基因都为先天免疫系統所必需。

哺乳动物的Toll样受体在1997年由耶鲁大学的卢斯兰·梅德泽托夫（英语：Ruslan Medzhitov）（Ruslan Medzhitov）以及查尔斯·珍妮薇（英语：Charles Janeway）（Charles Janeway）确认[4]。在同一时期，由審良静男和布鲁斯·博伊特勒（Bruce A. Beutler）及他们的同事领导的两项不同的研究发现Toll样受体（TLRs）在哺乳动物体内是对感染的主感受器[5][6]。

该基因家族的名称来源于克里斯汀·紐斯林-沃爾哈德在1985年的感叹：「Das ist ja toll!」[1]。这一感叹意为「真是令人惊叹！」，意指果蝇幼虫不发达的腹部。形容词「toll」在德语中是「令人惊讶」或「伟大、棒极了」的意思[7]。

参见

注释

  1. ^ 大陆译名「Toll」来自《免疫学名词》第一版[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

参考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Hansson GK, Edfeldt K. Toll to be paid at the gateway to the vessel wall. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2005, 25 (6): 1085–7 [2016-07-19]. PMID 15923538. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000168894.43759.47. （原始内容存档于2007-10-11）. 
  2. ^ Hashimoto C, Hudson KL, Anderson KV. The Toll gene of Drosophila, required for dorsal-ventral embryonic polarity, appears to encode a transmembrane protein. Cell. 1988, 52 (2): 269–79. PMID 2449285. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90516-8. 
  3. ^ Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell. 1996, 86 (6): 973–983. PMID 8808632. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80172-5. 
  4. ^ Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature. 1997, 388 (6640): 394–7. PMID 9237759. doi:10.1038/41131. 
  5. ^ Hoshino, K; Takeuchi, O; Kawai, T; Sanjo, H; Ogawa, T; Takeda, Y; Takeda, K; Akira, S. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product.. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). Apr 1, 1999, 162 (7): 3749–52. PMID 10201887. 
  6. ^ Poltorak, Alexander; et al. Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene. Science. 1998, 282 (5396): 2085–2088. PMID 9851930. doi:10.1126/science.282.5396.2085. 
  7. ^ toll - LEO Deutsch-English Worterbuch. [2011-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-06）. 

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