S (文化)

日語寫法
假名エス
平文式罗马字esu

S级クラスS,Kurasu Esu),或S kankei[1]缩写为SEsuエス,是20世纪早期的日本和製英語术语,是指描写战前日本少女女学生之间强烈羁绊的少女小说少女小説,shōjo shōsetsu)文学类型或现实中的友好关系。是从sister的首字母来的行话[2][3]。尤其是上层阶级和下层阶级的两个人之间的强迫式浪漫关系。[4]S是一个缩写,可以代表“sister”(姐妹),「shōjo英语shōjo少女,年轻女孩),“sex”(性),[4] “schön”(德语:漂亮)和“escape”(逃避)。[3]

历史

S级与1914年成立的全女性寶塚歌劇團有联系,[4][5]该团作品的特点是故事中的角色无论男女均由女性扮演。[6]在这种特殊的爱情风格中,受宝冢影响的女性回归日常生活,对女同学或同事产生迷恋。这种类型的浪漫关系通常被视为短暂的,更像是成长过程中的一个阶段而不是真正的同性恋行为;[5]只要这些关系仍然局限于青春期阶段,她们就被认为是正常的,甚至是精神上的。[3]这些关系很常见,有人提出十分之八的女学生间都有S级关系。[7] Dōseiai同性愛,"same sex/gender love")是20世纪初创造的另一个用来描述女性同性关系的术语,包括两个都是很女性化的女性同性伴侣和一个男性化一个女性化的女同性伴侣(也称为ome)。[8]在当时的大众媒体中有人提出,宝冢的“男役”(扮演男性角色的女性)使女性在S级关系中成为ome伴侣关系(butch 和 femme),并且在可接受的情况下坚持同性恋关系。[4]Jennifer Robertson在她的理论中总结了这一点,并说“很多女性都被宝冢‘男役’所吸引,因为她们代表了能够成功地协调性别及其角色和领域的模范女性。”[9]

当时女子学校的建立非常迅速:到1913年,有213所女校。西方小说《小婦人》和《小公主》分别于1906年和1910年被翻译成日语,以教育女孩成为“好妻子和聪明的母亲”。然而,这些作品还向日本女孩介绍了西方的老同,姐妹情谊和浪漫關係的概念。《小妇人》中小男孩似的女孩Jo尤其让日本女孩对青春期有了不同的看法。[5]1936年,S级故事被日本政府禁止。[7]随着男女同校的学校越来越多,S级关系变得更加谨慎。[1]

吉屋信子是一位颇具影响力的S级小说作家,也是女同性戀,她活跃于日本大正昭和时期,参与了青鞜英语Bluestockings Journal的女性主义运动。[10]现代百合轻小说中强烈借鉴了S级小说的有《瑪莉亞的凝望》。它被认为是吉屋信子《花物語》的现代版。[11]

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Shamoon, Deborah. The Second Coming of Shôjo. HESO Magazine. 2009-01-01 [2018-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-24). 
  2. ^ 今田絵里香 『「少女」の社会史』 勁草書房、2007年。ISBN 978-4326648788
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Robertson, Jennifer. Takarazuka. : 68.  Citing:
    • Hattori, Kakō; Uehara, Michikō. Atarashii Kotoba no Jibiki [Dictionary of New Words]. Tokyo: Jitsugyō no Nihonsha. 1925: 83–84 (日语). 
    • Kabashima, Tadao; Hida, Yoshifumi; Yonekawa, Akihiko. Meiji Taishō Shingo Zokugo Jiten [Dictionary of New Words and Colloquialisms in the Meiji and Taishō Periods]. Tokyo: Tōkyōdō Shuppan. 1984: 41. OCLC 14078498 (日语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Robertson, Jennifer. The Politics of Androgyny in Japan: Sexuality and Subversion in the Theater and Beyond. American Ethnologist英语American Ethnological Society 3. August 1992, 19 (3): 427. JSTOR 645194. doi:10.1525/ae.1992.19.3.02a00010. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Dollase, Hiromi. Early Twentieth Century Japanese Girls' Magazine Stories: Examining Shōjo Voice in Hanamonogatari (Flower Tales). The Journal of Popular Culture英语The Journal of Popular Culture. 2003, 36 (4): 724–755. OCLC 1754751. doi:10.1111/1540-5931.00043. 
  6. ^ Randall, Bill. Three by Moto Hagio. The Comics Journal英语The Comics Journal. 2003-05-15 [2008-01-23]. (原始内容存档于2011-04-25).  参数|journal=与模板{{cite web}}不匹配(建议改用{{cite journal}}|website=) (帮助); |issue=被忽略 (帮助)
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 McHarry, Mark. Yaoi: Redrawing Male Love. The Guide. November 2003 [2018-11-23]. (原始内容存档于2008-04-17). 
  8. ^ Robertson, Jennifer. Dying to tell: Sexuality and suicide in Imperial Japan. Signs英语Signs (journal). 1999, 25 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1086/495412. 
  9. ^ Robertson, Jennifer. Takarazuka. : 82. 
  10. ^ Suzuki, Michiko. Writing Same-Sex Love: Sexology and Literary Representation in Yoshiya Nobuko's Early Fiction. 亞洲研究期刊. August 2006, 65 (3): 575 [2008-01-23]. doi:10.1017/S0021911806001148. (原始内容存档于2008-02-01). 
  11. ^ Esu toiu kankei. Bishōjo gaippai! Wakamono ga hamaru Marimite world no himitsu. Excite. [2008-03-05]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-21) (日语). 

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