AlexNet

Comparison of the LeNet and AlexNet convolution, pooling and dense layers

AlexNet是一个卷积神经网络,由亚历克斯·克里泽夫斯基设计[1],与伊尔亚·苏茨克维和克里泽夫斯基的博士导师杰弗里·辛顿共同发表[2][3]

AlexNet参加了2012年9月30日举行的ImageNet大规模视觉识别挑战赛[4],达到最低的15.3%的Top-5错误率,比第二名低10.8个百分点。原论文的主要结论是,模型的深度对于提高性能至关重要,AlexNet的计算成本很高,但因在训练过程中使用了图形处理器(GPU)而使得计算具有可行性[4]

背景

AlexNet并不是卷积神经网络(CNN)第一次利用快速GPU实现而赢得图像识别竞赛。K. Chellapilla等人(2006)在GPU上的CNN比同等的CPU实现速度快4倍[5]。Dan Ciresan等人(2011)的深层CNN在IDSIA上已经快了60倍[6],并在2011年8月取得了超过人类的表现[7]。从2011年5月15日到2012年9月10日,他们的CNN赢得了不少于四场图像竞赛[8][9]。他们还极大提高了文献中多个图像数据库的最佳性能[10]

根据AlexNet的论文[4],其与Ciresan的早期网络“有些相似”。两者最初都用CUDA编写,可在GPU支持下运行。实际上,两者都是杨立昆等人(1989)介绍的CNN设计的变体[11][12],他将反向传播算法应用于福岛邦彦(福島 邦彦)最初提出的CNN架构“neocognitron”的一个变种[13][14]。后来J. Weng提出的最大池化方法修改了该架构[15][9]

网络设计

AlexNet包含八层。前五层是卷积层,之后一些层是最大池化层,最后三层是全连接层[4]。它使用了非饱和的ReLU激活函数,显示出比tanhsigmoid更好的训练性能[4]

影响

AlexNet被认为是计算机视觉领域最有影响力的论文之一,它刺激了更多使用卷积神经网络和GPU来加速深度学习的论文的出现[16]。 根據Google scholar網站統計,截至2024年中,AlexNet论文已被引用超过157,000次[17]

亚历克斯·克里泽夫斯基

亚历克斯·克里泽夫斯基(出生于乌克兰,在加拿大长大)是一名计算机科学家,以在人工神经网络深度学习方面的工作而著称。在通过AlexNet赢得ImageNet 2012挑战赛后不久,他和同事将他们的创业公司DNN研究公司(DNN Research Inc.)卖给了Google[1]。克里泽夫斯基对这项工作失去兴趣后,于2017年9月离开了Google[1]。在Dessa公司,克里泽夫斯基将为新的深度学习技术提供建议和帮助[1]。研究人员经常引用他的许多有关机器学习计算机视觉的论文[18]

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dave Gershgorn. The inside story of how AI got good enough to dominate Silicon Valley. Quartz. 2018-06-18 [2018-10-05]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-12). 
  2. ^ The data that transformed AI research—and possibly the world. [2020-01-17]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-27). 
  3. ^ ILSVRC2012 Results. [2020-01-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-01-16). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Krizhevsky, Alex; Sutskever, Ilya; Hinton, Geoffrey E. ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 2017-05-24, 60 (6): 84–90 [2020-01-17]. ISSN 0001-0782. doi:10.1145/3065386. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-05-16). 
  5. ^ Kumar Chellapilla; Sid Puri; Patrice Simard. High Performance Convolutional Neural Networks for Document Processing. Lorette, Guy (编). Tenth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition. Suvisoft. 2006 [2020-01-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-18). 
  6. ^ Ciresan, Dan; Ueli Meier; Jonathan Masci; Luca M. Gambardella; Jurgen Schmidhuber. Flexible, High Performance Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification (PDF). Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence-Volume Volume Two. 2011, 2: 1237–1242 [2013-11-17]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-11-16). 
  7. ^ IJCNN 2011 Competition result table. OFFICIAL IJCNN2011 COMPETITION. 2010 [2019-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2019-01-21). 
  8. ^ Schmidhuber, Jürgen. History of computer vision contests won by deep CNNs on GPU. 2017-03-17 [2019-01-14]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-19). 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Schmidhuber, Jürgen. Deep Learning. Scholarpedia. 2015, 10 (11): 1527–54 [2020-01-17]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.76.1541可免费查阅. PMID 16764513. doi:10.1162/neco.2006.18.7.1527. (原始内容存档于2016-04-19). 
  10. ^ Ciresan, Dan; Meier, Ueli; Schmidhuber, Jürgen. Multi-column deep neural networks for image classification. New York, NY: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). June 2012: 3642–3649. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.300.3283可免费查阅. ISBN 978-1-4673-1226-4. OCLC 812295155. arXiv:1202.2745可免费查阅. doi:10.1109/CVPR.2012.6248110.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)
  11. ^ Y. LeCun, B. Boser, J. S. Denker, D. Henderson, R. E. Howard, W. Hubbard, L. D. Jackel, Backpropagation Applied to Handwritten Zip Code Recognition页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆); AT&T Bell Laboratories
  12. ^ LeCun, Yann; Léon Bottou; Yoshua Bengio; Patrick Haffner. Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 1998, 86 (11): 2278–2324 [2016-10-07]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.32.9552可免费查阅. doi:10.1109/5.726791. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-12-15). 
  13. ^ Fukushima, K. Neocognitron. Scholarpedia. 2007, 2 (1): 1717. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.1717. 
  14. ^ Fukushima, Kunihiko. Neocognitron: A Self-organizing Neural Network Model for a Mechanism of Pattern Recognition Unaffected by Shift in Position (PDF). Biological Cybernetics. 1980, 36 (4): 193–202 [2013-11-16]. PMID 7370364. doi:10.1007/BF00344251. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-06-03). 
  15. ^ Weng, J; Ahuja, N; Huang, TS. Learning recognition and segmentation of 3-D objects from 2-D images. Proc. 4th International Conf. Computer Vision. 1993: 121–128. 
  16. ^ Deshpande, Adit. The 9 Deep Learning Papers You Need To Know About (Understanding CNNs Part 3). adeshpande3.github.io. [2018-12-04]. (原始内容存档于2018-11-21). 
  17. ^ AlexNet paper on Google Scholar
  18. ^ Alex Krizhevsky. Google Scholar Citations. [2020-01-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-17). 

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