2020年美国选举各州提前投票政策
受到2019冠状病毒病疫情 的波及,众多选民通过邮寄投票的方式参与2020年美国选举 。[ 1]
选举欺诈的指控
2020年3月,总统唐纳德·特朗普 接受福克斯新闻的采访时说民主党假借疫情支持放宽缺席投票的条件有问题,“从选举的角度上来看,你一旦同意(放宽缺席投票的条件),未来共和党在美国的选举中都会落选。”[ 2]
2020年5月,特朗普开始宣称邮寄投票极易受到选举欺诈的影响,并称邮箱可能会被洗劫、选票会被伪造。[ 3] 共和党内对邮寄投票的问题产生了两极分化,一部分人和总统特朗普一样,认为邮寄投票存在选举欺诈的可能性;另一部分人,包括多数共和党籍参议员并不认同特朗普的说法。[ 4] [ 5] [ 6] 事实查核机构称并没有充分的证据说明邮寄投票和选举欺诈存在关联。[ 7] [ 8]
7月30日,总统特朗普在推特 上称,由于邮寄投票限制的放开,2020年的大选会成为“歷史上最不準確和充满舞弊的大選,將令美國重大蒙羞”,进而他建议延期举行大选。[ 9] [ 10] [ 11] [ 12] [ 13] 宪法第二条第一款第4节 ,赋予国会对选举举行日期 的唯一决定权。根据美国法典 第3卷第一款第1节的规定,2020年大选应在11月3日举行。
9月2日,特朗普向北卡罗来纳州的民众建议,选民应该通过邮寄投票和现场投票的方式各投一次票以测试投票系统的准确性。[ 14]
司法部部长威廉·巴尔 在9月2日的CNN采访中称,司法部已经起诉了得克萨斯州一男子,因其填写了1700份邮寄选票进行选举欺诈。巴尔同时重申了他对外国势力借由伪造邮寄选票扰乱大选的担忧,而专家表示指出伪造选票几乎不可能实施。早在几天前,多位美国情报机构的高级官员就表明目前没有外国势力试图操纵邮寄投票的证据。而巴尔接受采访的次日,国土安全部便发布了情报简报,称“俄罗斯可能继续扩大质疑邮寄投票和要求改变投票程序的言论,从而破坏公众对选举流程的信任”。[ 15] [ 16] [ 17] 在之后的一场采访中,巴尔声称邮寄投票意味着买卖选票,包括胁迫投票、贿赂邮递员等行为。[ 18]
2020年9月30日,白宫记者会上,记者要求总统特朗普承诺如败选“会和平移交权力”,对此特朗普回应说“废除(郵寄)选票,你会获得一个非常和平的(权力移交)。但直白地说,不会有任何的移交,因为我会连任。”[ 19] 联邦选举委员会 成员艾伦·温特劳布 在推特上回应“以防万一有人不知道这个概念,在美国,我们不会‘抛却’选票,我们会清点选票。清点所有的选票,是我们决定大选后由谁来领导我们这个国家的方式。这是唯一的方式。”[ 20] 因为特朗普暗示不会以和平的方式移交政权,约翰·科宁 、本·萨斯 和米特·罗姆尼 三位共和党参议员都对此作出了批评。[ 21]
邮政服务危机
总统特朗普于2020年5月任命了自己的主要捐助人路易斯·德乔伊 为美国邮政 总长和首席执行官。德乔伊甫一上任就宣布了削减邮政经营成本的计划,具体举措包括削减员工加班时长、限制额外邮件运输等,因此邮件的投递时间可能会被迫延长。而2020年总统大选许多选民通过邮寄投票的方式参与选举,邮件投递时间的延长可能会导致选票无法及时送达选举办公室并被计入结果。[ 22] 特朗普曾公开表示因为邮寄选票的缘故,他反对向美国邮政拨款。[ 23] 9月17日,联邦法官斯坦利·巴斯蒂安 对美国邮政发布了禁制令,裁定特朗普和德乔伊出于政治目的故意拖慢邮政服务的效率。法官在禁制令中补充道,申请这项禁制令的14个州证明了削减邮政经营成本导致邮政效率降低的行为损害了该州组织、管理选举的权力。[ 24]
美国邮政已经警告说其无法保证通过邮政系统传递的选票会及时送达选举办公室并被计入大选的结果。因此选举专家呼吁选民应当在选举日前尽早寄出选票。而纽约时报的专栏作家认为,支持民主党的选民如果可以应该亲临投票站完成投票。[ 25]
各州邮寄投票截止时间
填写一张科罗拉多州的邮寄选票
参考文献
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