1977年4月18日日食是一次日環食，發生於1977年4月18日。新月當天（即朔日），地球上觀測到月球和太阳的角距離極小，此時月球如果恰好在月球交點附近，穿過太阳和地球之間，與地球、太阳接近一直線，則會出現日食。月球穿過太阳和地球之間，但距地球較遠，本影未能接觸地表，而使偽本影覆蓋的區域內看到月球的角直徑小於太陽，就形成日環食，同時在偽本影兩側數千公里的半影範圍內形成日偏食。[1]此次日環食經過了西南非洲、安哥拉、赞比亚、薩伊、坦桑尼亚、塞舌尔、英屬印度洋領地，日偏食則覆蓋了撒哈拉以南非洲的大部分、亚洲西南部及周邊部分地區。[2]
大西洋西南部位於巴西、南乔治亚和南桑威奇群岛、特里斯坦-达库尼亚之間的洋面在日出時最先看到日全食，此後月球本影向東北移動，在南非共和國統治下的西南非洲（今纳米比亚）登上非洲大陸，經過了安哥拉、赞比亚，在薩伊沙巴省（今屬刚果民主共和国加丹加省）東南部達到最大食分。此後本影再次穿過赞比亚，經過马拉维後從坦桑尼亚離開非洲大陸，進入印度洋，逐漸轉爲向東移動，又經過了塞舌尔、英屬印度洋領地的部分島嶼後，在日落時分結束於迪戈加西亚岛以東約1200公里處的洋面。其中，環食帶共覆蓋了兩個首都——坦桑尼亚达累斯萨拉姆和塞舌尔維多利亞港。
僞本影經過的陸地包括：
除了上述狹窄的環食帶內能看到日環食之外，月球半影覆蓋範圍內都能看到日偏食，包括巴西東部、南乔治亚和南桑威奇群岛、西非东南部、中非除乍得西北部外的绝大部分、東非、南非、阿拉伯半岛中南部、伊朗南部、南亚中南部、缅甸西南部、泰国西南角、印尼蘇門答臘西北部，及南极洲靠近非洲的一角。[2][5]
月球交替位於相對的月球交點時，以半個交點年（食年），即約177天又4小時間隔出現下列日食。
沙羅周期長度為18年11天。本次日食屬於沙羅周期138，共包含70次日食，依次為1472年6月6日至1580年8月10日的7次日偏食、1598年8月31日至2482年2月18日的50次日環食、2500年3月1日的1次全環食（亦稱混合食）、2518年3月12日至2554年4月3日的3次日全食、2572年4月13日至2716年7月11日的9次日偏食，總共歷時1244.08年。其中最長的全食發生於2554年4月3日，共持續56秒。[6]
下表列舉了1901年至2100年間發生的屬於該周期的日食，是第25至35次：
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