黑石号沉船(印尼語:bangkai kapal Batu Hitam),又名勿里洞沉船(印尼語:bangkai kapal Belitung)或唐代沉船(印尼語:bangkai kapal Tang)[1][2],是一艘公元830年左右行驶于中国至中东航线的阿拉伯帆船的遗骸[3]。这艘船已经完成了从阿拉伯至中国的航程,但在返航中在距离今印度尼西亚勿里洞岛近1.6千米处沉没[4][5]。沉船于1998年被发现,后于1998年和1999年由一家商业公司进行发掘[2],出水文物被新加坡政府获得[6]。
^ 4.04.1The Belitung Shipwreck. South East Asian Archaeology. 28 June 2007 [18 February 2011]. (原始内容存档于2009-06-11). The Belitung shipwreck is located a little too far south.
^ 9.09.19.29.39.4Media Backgrounder: Discovery, Recovery, Conservation and Exhibition of the Belitung Cargo. Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds. Freer Sackler, Smithsonian Institution. 30 March 2011 [6 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011年6月6日). The Indonesian navy was permanently deployed at the base camp during the monsoon and did its best to safeguard the site ... A license was issued to a local salvage company by the Republic of Indonesia’s National Committee for Salvage and Utilization of Valuable Objects from Sunken Ships (PANNAS BMKT), the government agency with oversight authority for sunken vessels and cargo ... The Indonesian salvage company executed a contract of cooperation with Seabed Explorations.
^ 10.010.1Tang cargo exhibit: Briefing paper(PDF) (Memo). Smithsonian Institution: 1. [7 August 2011]. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2011年6月4日). The license was issued to a limited liability salvage company organized under the laws of the Republic of Indonesia, for a period of five years. The licensee executed a contract of cooperation with Seabed Explorations GbR
^ 12.012.1Michael Flecker. A Ninth-Century Arab or Indian Shipwreck in Indonesia: The First Archaeological Evidence of Direct Trade with China. Regina Krahl; John Guy; J. Keith Wilson; Julian Raby (编). Shipwrecked; Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds.(PDF) (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 2010: 101 [18 August 2011]. ISBN 978-1-58834-305-5. (原始内容(PDF)存档于2012年9月27日). This is the first ancient Arab shipwreck to be found and excavated
^ 13.013.113.2Flecker, Michael. A ninth-century AD Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesia: First evidence for direct trade with China. World Archaeology. Shipwrecks (Taylor & Francis Ltd.). 1 January 2001, 32 (3): 335–354. doi:10.1080/00438240120048662.
^ 15.015.115.215.3Geoff Wade. The Pre-Modern East Asian Maritime Realm: An Overview of European-Language Studies. Working Paper Series (Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore). December 2003, No. 16: 20.
^ 19.019.119.219.3Feature Article: Tang Shipwreck. National Geographic. [19 February 2011]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-23). ...found in Oman and known as a baitl qarib ... it was built of African and Indian wood
^The Jewel of Muscat Project. Information Part 2. Advanced History. Sultanate of Oman. 2009 [8 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011年7月8日). In 1998, a shipwreck was discovered off the Indonesian island of Belitung ... Sultan Qaboos bin Said is presenting the people of Singapore with the Jewel of Muscat, a reconstruction of the 9th-century Arab trading ship discovered near the island of Belitung.
^Flecker, M. The ethics, politics, and realities of maritime archaeology in Southeast Asia. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 1 July 2002, 31 (1): 12–24 [14]. doi:10.1006/ijna.2002.1017. Local divers immediately moved in, sometimes at night, and removed many artefacts.
^Julian Raby. Why Exhibit this Material?. Issues Raised by the Belitung Shipwreck. Freer Sackler. [6 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011年6月6日). Above all, this cargo was not sold piecemeal but has been kept largely intact. It thus offers unparalleled insight into China's industrial capacity and global trade more than a millennium ago.
^Conservation. Tang wreck (Flash). [6 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-07). Seabed Explorations undertook Desalinate and conserve ... This process lasted six years at a cost of several million US dollars.
^Kate Taylor. Shipwreck Show Postponed. The New York Times. 28 June 2011 [15 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2015-04-03).
^ 46.046.1Kate Taylor. Archaeologists Criticize Smithsonian Over Java Objects. The New York Times. 10 March 2011 [15 July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2011-07-10). Three archaeological associations and three of the Smithsonian’s internal research organizations have written to the Smithsonian’s secretary, G. Wayne Clough, opposing the exhibition, arguing, among other things, that because of the methods employed by Seabed Explorations, valuable scientific information was lost.
^Smithsonian Hosts Discussion on Issues Surrounding the Exhibition of the Belitung Cargo, Shipwrecked: Tang Treasures and Monsoon Winds (Press release) (The Smithsonian Institution), 25 April 2011, Found in shallow water, the shipwreck was immediately vulnerable to looting and accidental destruction from fishing activity. Recognizing the danger to the site, Indonesian authorities granted a license to a commercial salvage company to recover the ship and its cargo.