黎曼曲率張量

微分几何中,黎曼曲率张量(英語:Riemann curvature tensor)或黎曼張量是表达黎曼流形的曲率的标准方式,更普遍的,它可以表示有仿射联络流形的曲率,包括无扭率或有撓率的。曲率张量通过列维-奇维塔联络(更一般的,一个仿射联络)(或者叫协变导数)由下式给出:

这里是一个流形切空间的线性变换;它对于每个参数都是线性的。

注意有些作者用相反的符号定义曲率.

如果 是坐标向量场则所以公式简化为

也就是说曲率张量衡量协变导数的反交换性

线性变换也称曲率变换

對稱性和恆等式

进一步,由上式定义了如下的三重线性映射

映射关于每一个自变量都是线性的, 故上的型光滑张量场, 称之为仿射联络空间的曲率张量. 在坐标向量场下, 可以表示为

还可以定义四重线性映射,如下

则映射 关于每一个自变量都是 线性的, 故是黎曼流形上的 型光滑张量场, 称之为黎曼流形 的黎曼曲率张量. 在坐标向量场下, 可以表示为

  • 注:上述纺射联络空间 上的曲率张量 与黎曼流形 上的黎曼曲率张量 是同一个对象的不同表现形式.
  • .

黎曼曲率张量有如下的对称性:

最后一个恒等式由里奇发现,但是称为第一比安基恒等式(First Bianchi identity)或代数比安基恒等式(Algebraic Bianchi identity),因为和下面的比安基恒等式相像。

这三个恒等式组成曲率张量对称性的完整列表,也就是给定说任何满足上述恒等式的张量,可以找到一个黎曼流形在某点的曲率张量和它一样。简单的计算表明这样一个张量有个独立分量。

另一个有用的恒等式可以由上面这些导出:

比安基恒等式(Bianchi identity),经常也叫第二比安基恒等式(Second Bianchi identity)或微分比安基恒等式(Differential Bianchi identity)。它涉及到协变导数:

给定流形某点的任一坐标表示,上述恒等式可以用黎曼曲率张量的分量形式表示为:

  • 第一(代數)比安基恒等式:或等價地寫為
  • 第二(微分)比安基恒等式:或等價地寫為

其中方括号表示对下标的反對稱化,分号表示协变导数。这些恒等式在物理中有应用,特别是广义相对论

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