鮑超

鮑超
 大清太子少保頭品頂戴湖南提督一等子爵
字號字春亭,後改春霆
諡號忠壯
出生道光八年(1828年)
 大清四川省奉節都裏六甲安坪藕塘
逝世光緒十二年七月(1886年)
 大清四川省
親屬(子) 鮑祖齡
經歷

鮑超(1828年—1886年),春亭,後改春霆,四川省奉節都裏六甲安坪藕塘人。湘军名将,领清军扫蕩太湖周边太平军数十万,立大功獲封一等子爵。

生平

鲍超为平定太平天国湘軍名將,不識字,但作战勇猛,很为曾国藩重用,所部“霆字營”,駐軍佈防於皖南,護衛湘軍祁門司令部,為太平軍所忌憚畏懼;封贈太子少保,官拜浙江提督

鲍超雖作戰勇猛,但軍紀敗壞,郭嵩焘说他“所过残灭如项羽”。[1]陕西巡抚刘蓉曾写信给曾国藩,庆幸“霆军”不入陕:“鲍军无意西来,所过又多残暴,诚不愿其复至,恐如梳如篦,遂至如剃,则困苦尤所难堪。”[2]曾國藩的好友王柏心之子王傢仕更痛斥鮑超“軍無紀律,旌旗所過,僅存焦土”,“至若一時將帥,使東南數千裏民之肝腦塗地,而諸將之黃金填庫,民之妻孥亡散,而諸將之美女盈門。”。[3]

1867年正月15日,淮軍主將劉銘傳與鮑超的霆军約定於巳時(上午九時)會師湖北尹隆河(永隆河),進擊捻軍,未料劉軍爭功提前於弗曉卯時(上午五時)即朝戰場開拔,途中遇伏,總兵唐殿魁田履安陣亡,劉銘傳本人幾乎被俘虜。隨後,鮑超的援軍即時出現拯救了淮軍,清軍反敗為勝。 此役清軍殲滅捻軍部眾近萬人,捻軍共約八千人,軍馬五千匹被俘,史稱尹隆河之戰。 經此戰後,朝廷问责,刘推卸责任致使霆军遭朝廷不公遣散处份,鮑超憤極去職,退出軍隊十一年之久。

1966年文化大革命初,红卫兵捣毁鲍超墓。

逸事

  • 咸豐二年(1852年),廣西提督向榮湖北宜昌招兵,組建“川勇營”,超應募入伍,初當伙伕
  • 英勇,屢建戰功,咸豐四年超被調至曾國藩洞庭湖水師“長龍軍艦”任哨長
  • 1856年秋,曾國藩認為已是副將的鮑超可統領大軍,令超至長沙招兵,組“霆字營”一萬五千兵員。
  • 鮑超曾被太平軍包圍,請求曾國藩急派援兵救助,卻苦於不識字,只會寫自己名字,所部兵士亦無人識字。鮑超靈機一動,急忙寫一鮑字,再以毛筆畫了一堆圓圈,圍著「鮑」字,飛信給曾;曾收信呵呵笑言:“鮑超被圍了,要我們去救他!”,派援兵出,遂得救。
  • 參加過500場以上戰役,身被傷108處,與滿人多隆阿並稱為猛將,湘軍陣營有“北多(多隆阿)南超”讚譽

于1861年夏起鲍超统湘军扫平太湖流域金坛县的金坛之战,消灭太平军近二万名尤为著称,鲍也被视为曾国藩系湘军直属本部军,至战争后期1862年左右起,湘军才自原鲍超带领,改成曾国荃与李鸿章领兵至1864年六月结束

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:清史稿·卷409》,出自趙爾巽清史稿

注釋

  1. ^ 郭嵩焘:《郭嵩焘日记》第1册
  2. ^ 刘蓉: 《养晦堂文集》卷7
  3. ^ 王柏心:《百柱堂全集》

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