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體溫

体温生物的身体温度。在正常情况下,人类平均体温一般为37或者98.6,但同時,一些研究表明人體“正常”體溫是一定範圍內變動的,一般從97°F (36.1°C) to 99°F (37.2°C)[1]。经口腔测量的体温一般为36.8±0.7℃(98.2±1.3℉)。亦即攝氏36.1度至37.5度,或者華氏96.9度至99.5度。体温反应了机体新陈代谢的结果,也是机体发挥各项正常功能的必备条件之一。

体温的测量

临床上通常用口腔温度、直肠温度(肛溫)、腋窝温度、溫及溫等来代表体温。早期最常用以腋窝温度测量较为方便。儿童不宜通过测量口腔温度来测量体温,因其可不慎咬碎温度计致其中的误食。紅外線感測體溫的耳溫槍普及後,因測溫時間僅需數秒鐘,而逐漸取代其他傳統體溫測量方式。但若需測量多人體溫時,通常以不需接觸人體的紅外線額溫槍或是熱成像儀更為方便衛生。


(1)口腔溫度

將體溫計放置在患者舌下,閉嘴約3分鐘後取出,正常範圍為36.3℃~37.2℃;

(2)直腸溫度

測量方法是將體溫計消毒後塗上潤滑油,然後插入肛門,三分鐘後取出,其正常值比口腔溫度約高0.3℃~0.5℃;

(3)腋窩溫度

因測量方便衛生,是目前最常使用的測溫方法,其測量方法是將體溫計夾於腋窩,五分鐘後讀取數值,正常範圍為36.1℃~37℃,比口腔溫度約低0.2℃~0.4℃。

(4)耳溫

大腦深部有一個地方叫下視丘,下視丘是人體體溫最早上揚的地方,而供應耳膜與供應下視丘的血流恰好互有交通,因此用耳膜溫度來反映人體的溫度最為適當,同時耳膜也是可以最早偵測到人體是否有發燒的地方。耳溫可以通過耳溫槍页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)測量耳膜溫度得到。耳溫與肛溫的相關性很高,必要時可取代肛溫,但必須注意三個月以下嬰兒的耳溫常不準確,所以不建議使用。

(5)額溫

利用紅外線測量[2]皮膚表面,常有嚴重低估真正體溫的現象,所以不建議常規使用。

體溫的正常變動

在內外因素的作用下,體溫在正常範圍內可有輕度變化,例如:下午較早晨體溫相對要高,但一般相差小於1℃;進餐後、勞動或劇烈運動後,體溫也可有輕度升高;突然進入高溫環境或情緒激動等因素也可使體溫略有升高;婦女在排卵期和妊娠期體溫稍高於正常。不同的年齡階段也存在輕微的體溫差異,如小兒因代謝率高,體溫較成年人偏高;老年人由於代謝率低,其體溫也比青壯年稍低。

参见

  1. ^ Body temperature norms: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. medlineplus.gov. [2023-03-10]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-08) (英语). 
  2. ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2023-03-10]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-10-19). 
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