非洲象

非洲象属
化石时期:上新世至0
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目: 长鼻目 Proboscidea
科: 象科 Elephantidae
亚科: 象亚科 Elephantinae
族: 非洲象族 Loxodontini
属: 非洲象属 Loxodonta
Anon., 1827
L. a. adaurora
L. a. kararae
L. a. angammensis
L. a. atlantica

非洲象属学名Loxodonta)是象科的一个属。成年非洲雄象高於3.5公尺,最高更可達4.1公尺。體重約為4至5噸,最重記錄有7.3噸。牠們的長牙最高記錄有102.71公斤重。其化石仅在非洲有发现。

象群為母系社會,最老的雌象永远是领导者[1]。野生非洲象非常凶猛且攻擊性強,比亞洲象更暴躁,是非洲草原上危險的動物。

非洲象是陆地上最大的哺乳动物,一出生体重就有90千克左右。成年非洲象一天能吃90多千克的草、水果和树叶。[2]

命名

雌象骨骼

约翰·弗里德里希·布卢门巴赫在1797年首次对非洲象进行科学描述,提出学名Elephas africanus[3]乔治·居维叶在1824年把属名改成Loxodonte 。这个屬名是從「菱形」(losange)一字演變而来,这是由於牠的臼齒有菱形齒冠[4][5]。1827年,某匿名学者将属名改作Loxodonta[6],在1999年获得国际动物命名法规认可。

物种

该属现存以下两种:

  • 普通非洲象Loxodonta africana):又名草原象,體型較大,最重記錄可達10噸,象牙長且顏色較白,並朝向前方明顯彎曲。後臀與前肩同高,耳朵形狀較具稜角[4]
  • 非洲森林象Loxodonta cyclotis):又名圓耳象。約重4噸,象牙較短,顏色偏黃褐色至粉紅色,向下方直伸,質地密實沉重。頭部較低,背部凹陷不明顯,耳朵形狀較圓滑[4]

非洲森林象普通非洲象之间仍然存在着杂交现象[7]

歷史文化

人們歷來認為非洲象是不能馴養的。其實在公元前2世紀的埃及托勒密時期,北非迦太基時期、羅馬時期、以及在現代的非洲阿比西尼亞(Abyssinia),都出現過馴化的象。非洲象可完全馴服,尤其是小象。成年野生象也能養成習慣,和研究人員或好奇的旅客接近。象懂得怎樣把他們與偷獵者和殺手區別出來。19世紀末,比利時的利奧波德二世(Leopold II),在今日非洲的刚果民主共和国把象訓練成役畜,牠們非常勤奮,主動追逐獅子,如同亞洲象追趕老虎一樣。如果說非洲象不太聰明,仅是和亚洲象相對而言[4]

參考

  1. ^ Shannon, G., Durant, S. M., Sayialel, K., Slotow, R., Poole, J., Moss, C. Leadership in elephants: the adaptive value of age. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2011-03-16 [2011-03-25]. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0168. 
  2. ^ 《有史以来最可爱的20种动物》. 中国青岛: 《环球少年地理》. 2020年. 
  3. ^ Blumenbach, J. F. 2. Africanus. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Handbook of Natural History] Fifth. Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich. 1797: 125 [2020-05-13]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-18). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Robert Delort著,蔡鴻濱譯。1996年。《大象─世界的支柱》。台北:時報文化出版社。ISBN 9571321850
  5. ^ Cuvier, G. Éléphants d’Afrique. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, F. (编). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans Tome 6. Paris: A. Belain. 1824: 117–118. 
  6. ^ Anonymous. Analytical Notices of Books. Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des Figures originale, dessinées d'après des Animaux vivans; &c. Par MM. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, et F. Cuvier. Livraison 52 et 53. The Zoological Journal. 1827, 3 (9): 140–143. 
  7. ^ Gene. 生物:不止一種非洲象. Sciscape. Dec 22, 2010 [2010-12-22]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-10). 

警告:默认排序键“elephant, African”覆盖了之前的默认排序键“Loxodonta”。

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