阿巴和加麻札

阿巴和加麻札
阿巴和加麻札墓室正面
全国重点文物保护单位
中华人民共和国国务院公布
地址新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区喀什市
坐标39°29′26.41″N 76°01′23.03″E / 39.4906694°N 76.0230639°E / 39.4906694; 76.0230639
分类古墓葬
时代
编号3-258
认定时间1988年

阿巴和加麻札维吾尔语ئاپاق خوجا مازار Apakh Khoja Mazar),即伊达雅图勒拉之墓(麻扎),是新疆维吾尔自治区喀什地区喀什市的一座伊斯兰式家族陵墓,位于喀什市东北5公里处的艾孜热特村。“麻札”(维吾尔语:مازارMazar)是维吾尔语“陵墓”的意思。始建于1640年,后世因为香妃传说的缘故,被外界称为香妃墓[1]。1988年,公布为第三批全国重点文物保护单位

历史

墓主为明清之际回部伊斯兰教白山派首领伊达雅图勒拉及其家族5代72人。伊达雅图勒拉被称作阿巴和加(阿巴克霍加、阿巴霍加、阿帕克和卓)。“霍加”意为“圣裔”,是南亚、中亚、新疆等地伊斯兰教派领袖的尊号。阿巴和加麻札即伊达雅图勒拉家族的墓地。该家族中第一个被埋葬者,是伊达雅图勒拉之父,中亚安集延玛木特·玉素布,1640年由伊达雅图勒拉葬于此。1695年,伊达雅图勒拉死后也葬于此地。

伊达雅图勒拉的曾孙波羅尼都霍集占兄弟,即大小和卓,曾被蒙古准噶尔人囚禁在伊犁清朝占领伊犁后释放了大小和卓,并派他们前往回部(新疆天山以南地区)管理当地居民。但大小和卓杀死清朝将领,发动叛乱,史称大小和卓之乱,最后被清军镇压。虽然此墓属于叛变者的家族,但清廷并没有破坏此墓,并派有专人管理,而且也曾拨出款项予以维修。乾隆二十五年(1760年),乾隆帝颁旨对该墓的管理作出规定:“喀什噶尔所有从前旧和卓木(即“和卓”)等坟墓,可派人看守,禁止樵采污秽。其应行修葺分例,并著官为经理,以昭国家黔恤之仁。”清末,中亚浩罕汗国伯克阿古柏入侵新疆后,为利用和卓的旗号巩固其统治,曾全面整饰扩展了阿巴和加麻札。动用数万民工匠人,花费四年时间,于1874年完工,基本上形成了今天的规模。

1949年后,政府曾多次拨款,对阿巴和加麻札加以维护和整修。1988年定为国家级文物保护单位。[1]目前此处围绕陵墓进行扩建,开辟围绕“香妃”主题的建筑、民俗、爱情主题公园,官方定名为“香妃园”,成为喀什的一大游览胜地。

建筑布局

从侧面看阿巴和加麻札墓室

陵墓位于喀什东北郊,是新疆现存的最大的古墓地,总面积约50100平方米,包括有大礼拜堂、小礼拜堂、讲经堂和墓室。墓室为四方形,四角各有一座塔楼,塔内有盘旋的楼梯,顶上为球状尖顶。墓室上方为大型穹顶,直径16,顶高24米。穹顶底部开有四扇通风窗,保证室内冬暖夏凉。整个墓室外部全部用绿色黄色琉璃瓦镶嵌,正门上方左右有两个小球形尖顶,门框上镶嵌伊斯兰书法和装饰图案。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 阿帕克霍加麻扎——香妃墓. 天山网. 2007年7月17日 [2010年6月24日]. (原始内容存档于2014年8月8日) (简体中文). 

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