资深执政官 (拜占庭帝国)

资深执政官（希臘語：ἀνθύπατος）原本是罗马的官职资深执政官，在东部帝国（拜占庭帝国）得以沿用，并逐渐使用其希腊文意译的官名，而非拉丁文原名。9世纪时，其失去了原有的行政职能，转变为一种荣誉头衔，持续使用到11世纪。

历史与职能

行政官职

资深执政官这一官职源于罗马，希腊文名字ἀνθύπατος是拉丁文Proconsul的意译[1]。在元首制下，所有元老院行省的总督都有资深执政官头衔，不论他们是否确实担任过执政官，而在戴克里先（284-305年在位）改革之后，只有阿非利加行省和亚细亚行省总督仍称资深执政官，400年的《百官志》则提到了三个资深执政官，即阿非利加（Pars Occ. XVIII）、

亚细亚（Pars Or. XX）、亚该亚或希腊（Pars Or. XXI）的总督[1]。 君士坦丁堡330年成为首都后一度也有资深执政官，但359年后改为与罗马相同的城市行政官[1]。

西罗马帝国灭亡之后，亚细亚与阿非利加仍在东部帝国的控制之下，资深执政官也得以保留，直到查士丁尼一世（527-561年在位）于6世纪30年代进行了改革。 他将一部分行省合并，并将部分行省的军政权力再次统一于一人手中，并授予这种总督资深执政官的头衔，或是授予资深执政官级的裁判官头衔。这样的行省包括第一亚美尼亚、卡帕多西亚（英语：Cappadocia (Roman province)）、达尔马提亚、第一巴勒斯坦（英语：Palaestina Prima）[1]。根据同时代的官员与作家贵族彼得（英语：Peter the Patrician）的说法，资深执政官与埃及的总督同级，并于与“神圣会议（英语：Consistorium）”成员同级[1]。帝国在汪达尔战争（533-534年）后收复了阿非利加，不过没有重新设立其资深执政官，而是任命了“执政官级总督（英语：Consularis）”[2]。

7世纪军区制逐渐建立后，资深执政官也在军区制的背景下有了新的职能：直到9世纪初，小亚细亚还有军区的“省督（英语：Eparchy）与资深执政官”，行使一定的行政权力，可能受君士坦丁堡的禁卫军长官管辖[3]。但军区的“将军”逐渐同时掌握了军区的军事与行政权力，到狄奥斐卢斯（829-842年在位）时，“资深执政官”基本已经只是一个荣誉头衔了[4]。

荣誉头衔

根据宣信者狄奥法内斯的记载，皇帝狄奥斐卢斯（829-842年在位）授予女婿阿莱克修斯·莫塞莱（英语：Alexios Mosele (Caesar)）“贵族与资深执政官”的头衔，让他位居一般的“贵族”之上[5]。这一变化也与旧罗马地方行政系统的废除处于同一时代，地方的文职总督被军区制下的“将军”取代，而有关军队供应与财政的职责则被地位低得多的“首席秘书（英语：Protonotarios）”取代[6]。

由此，从米海尔三世（842-867年在位）后期开始，“资深执政官”成为了“蓄须者（非宦官）”的一级荣誉头衔，位居“贵族”之上[5]。“资深执政官与贵族”的头衔在10-11世纪授予了多位高级行政、军事官员。11世纪，也出现了衍生的“第一资深执政官（πρωτανθύπατος）”、“两任资深执政官（δισανθύπατος）”，但到12世纪初期，这些头衔都消失了[7]。

根据899年撰写的菲洛狄奥斯《宫宴序次（英语：klrtorologion）》，资深执政官的象征物是一块有紫色文字的书板[8]。

参见

引用

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Guilland 1967，第68頁.
  2. ^ Guilland 1967，第69頁.
  3. ^ Haldon 1997，第202–203頁.
  4. ^ Guilland 1967，第69–71頁.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Bury 1911，第28–29頁.
  6. ^ Haldon 1997，第204頁.
  7. ^ Kazhdan 1991，第111頁.
  8. ^ Bury 1911，第22頁.

来源

Read other articles:

Falken Tire

Falken TireJenisAnak perusahaanIndustriOtomotifDidirikan1983; 41 tahun lalu (1983)KantorpusatKobe, Jepang(kantor pusat global)Offenbach am Main, Jerman(kantor pusat Eropa)Rancho Cucamonga, Amerika Serikat(kantor pusat Amerika Utara)ProdukBanIndukSumitomo Rubber IndustriesSitus webwww.falken.tires Falken Tire adalah sebuah merek ban mobil, truk ringan, dan truk sedang yang dimiliki oleh Sumitomo Rubber Industries (SRI) asal Jepang. Merek ini diluncurkan di Jepang pada tahun 1983, lalu dip...

 

Kaki bukit

Kaki bukit Rocky Mountain dekat Denver, Colorado Kaki bukit atau kaki gunung secara geografis didefinisikan sebagai peningkatan ketinggian secara bertahap di dasar pegunungan, pegunungan yang lebih tinggi, atau daerah dataran tinggi . Mereka adalah zona transisi antara dataran dan bukit-bukit relief rendah dan pegunungan, bukit, dan dataran tinggi yang secara topografis lebih tinggi.[1] Sering kali kaki bukit terdiri dari kipas alluvial, kipas alluvial yang menyatu, dan dataran tinggi...

 

List of Arab astronauts

Sultan bin Salman Al Saud, the first Arab astronaut who flew on STS-51-G aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery in 1985 To date, there have been six astronauts from Arab nations, also called najmonauts[1][2][3][4] ('najm' meaning 'star' in Arabic)[5][6] who have flown to space (with multiple others currently in training).[7][8] Prince Sultan bin Salman Al Saud of Saudi Arabia flew in the US Space Shuttle in 1985.[9][10&#...

Aire d'attraction de Beaurepaire

Aire d'attraction de Beaurepaire Localisation de l'aire d'attraction de Beaurepaire dans le département de l'Isère. Géographie Pays France Région Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Départements Drôme Caractéristiques Type Aire d'attraction d'une ville Code Insee 437 Catégorie Aires de moins de 50 000 habitants Nombre de communes 10 soit 9 (Isère) + 1 (Drôme) Population 11 782 hab. (2021) modifier  L'aire d'attraction de Beaurepaire est un zonage d'étude défini par l'I...

 

Clinton County Courthouse (Iowa)

United States historic placeClinton County CourthouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of IowaShow map of the United StatesLocationBetween 6th and 7th Aves.Clinton, IowaCoordinates41°51′2″N 90°11′17″W / 41.85056°N 90.18806°W / 41.85056; -90.18806Arealess than one acreBuilt1897ArchitectG.S. MansfieldArchitectural styleRomanesque, Richardsonian RomanesqueMPSCounty Courthouses in Iowa TRNRHP reference No.81000230[1]Added...

 

Provincial Deputation of Barcelona

Provincial Deputation of BarcelonaDiputació de BarcelonaDiputación de BarcelonaCoat of armsLogoProvincial Deputation overviewFormed1822JurisdictionProvince of BarcelonaHeadquartersCasa Serra. BarcelonaEmployees4500Annual budget1 billion EurosMinister responsibleLluïsa MoretWebsitehttps://www.diba.cat/ The Provincial Deputation of Barcelona (Catalan: Diputació de Barcelona; Spanish: Diputación de Barcelona) is the local government body charged with the government and administration of the...

Delta and Dawn

Humpback whalesThe calf Dawn in the Sacramento River in 2007 with the Antioch Bridge visible in the distance Delta and Dawn, also known as the Delta whales, are two humpback whales, a mother and her calf, who entered San Francisco Bay in early May 2007. They swam up the Sacramento River approximately 90 nautical miles (170 km) upstream from the Golden Gate,[1][2] about 20 miles (32 km) further inland than Humphrey the Whale had gone two decades earlier. Under the End...

 

Kevin Love

Kevin Love Love con la maglia dei Cleveland Cavaliers Nazionalità  Stati Uniti Altezza 203 cm Peso 114 kg Pallacanestro Ruolo Ala grande / centro Squadra  Miami Heat CarrieraGiovanili Lake Oswego High School2007-2008 UCLA Bruins39 (681)Squadre di club 2008-2014 Minnesota T'wolves364 (6.989)2014-2023 Cleveland Cavaliers489 (7.663)2023- Miami Heat76 (647)Nazionale 2010-2012 Stati Uniti22 (163)Palmarès  Olimpiadi Oro Londra 2012  Mondiali Oro Turchia 20...

 

British Rail Class 37

Class of diesel-electric locomotives This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: British Rail Class 37 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) English Electric Type 3British Rail Class 37A Class 37/0 at Aviemore in August 1978Type and originPo...

Russ Morman

American baseball player Baseball player Russ MormanFirst basemanBorn: (1962-04-28) April 28, 1962 (age 62)Independence, Missouri, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 3, 1986, for the Chicago White SoxLast MLB appearanceSeptember 27, 1997, for the Florida MarlinsMLB statisticsBatting average.249Home runs10Runs batted in43 Teams Chicago White Sox (1986, 1988–1989) Kansas City Royals (1990–1991) Florida Marlins (1994–1997) Russell Lee Morman (bo...

 

June Foulds

British sprinter (1934–2020) June FouldsJune Foulds in 1952Personal informationBirth nameJune Florence FouldsBorn(1934-06-13)13 June 1934Shepherd's Bush, England[1]Died6 November 2020(2020-11-06) (aged 86)[2][3]Height170 cm (5 ft 7 in)Weight63 kg (139 lb)SportSportAthleticsEvent(s)100 m, 200 mClubSpartan LadiesL.A.C., LondonAchievements and titlesPersonal best(s)100 m – 11.6 (1956)200 m – 23.7 (1956)[1][4] Medal ...

 

Elecom

Japanese electronics company For the series of early computers produced by the Electronic Computer Corporation, see Samuel Lubkin. Elecom Co., Ltd.エレコム株式会社Company typeKKTraded as TYO: 6750 IndustryInformation technologyComputer hardwareElectronicsFounded1986; 38 years ago (1986)FounderJunji HadaHeadquartersOsaka, JapanNumber of locations23ProductsHard and solid state drivesoffice furniturememory card readersportable hard drivesSD cardsUSB flash drivesRevenue�...

世界政區索引

此條目可能包含不适用或被曲解的引用资料，部分内容的准确性无法被证實。 (2023年1月5日)请协助校核其中的错误以改善这篇条目。详情请参见条目的讨论页。 各国相关 主題列表 索引 国内生产总值 石油储量 国防预算 武装部队（军事） 官方语言 人口統計 人口密度 生育率 出生率 死亡率 自杀率 谋杀率 失业率 储蓄率 识字率 出口额 进口额 煤产量 发电量 监禁率 死刑 国债 ...

 

Calaca, Batangas

Peta menunjukan lokasi Calaca Data sensus penduduk di Calaca Tahun Populasi Persentase 199551.459—200058.4892.79%200764.9661.46% Calaca adalah kota yang terletak di provinsi Batangas, Filipina. Pada tahun 2007, wilayah ini memiliki jumlah penduduk sebesar 64.966 jiwa atau 11.306 rumah tangga. Pembagian wilayah Calaca terbagi menjadi 40 barangay, yaitu: Bagong Tubig Baclas Balimbing Bambang Barangay 1 (Pob.) Barangay 2 (Pob.) Barangay 3 (Pob.) Barangay 4 (Pob.) Barangay 5 (Pob.) Barangay 6 (...

 

North Bend State Park

State Park in Ritchie County, West Virginia North Bend State ParkIUCN category III (natural monument or feature)[1]North Bend LodgeLocation of North Bend State Park in West VirginiaLocationRitchie, West Virginia, United StatesCoordinates39°13′15″N 81°06′35″W / 39.22083°N 81.10972°W / 39.22083; -81.10972Area2,459 acres (9.95 km2)[2]Elevation981 ft (299 m)Established1951[3]Websitewvstateparks.com/park/north-bend-state-pa...

Cobb County, Georgia

County in Georgia, United States For the community in Georgia, see Cobb, Georgia. For other uses, see Cobb (disambiguation). County in GeorgiaCobb CountyCounty From top: Blackjack Mountain SealLocation within the U.S. state of GeorgiaGeorgia's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 33°56′N 84°35′W / 33.94°N 84.58°W / 33.94; -84.58Country United StatesState GeorgiaFoundedDecember 2, 1832; 192 years ago (1832)Named forThomas W. CobbSeatM...

 

Earl Campbell

American football player (born 1955) This article is about the American football player. For the Canadian hockey player, see Earl Campbell (ice hockey). American football player Earl CampbellCampbell signing autographs in 2009No. 34, 35Position:Running backPersonal informationBorn: (1955-03-29) March 29, 1955 (age 69)Tyler, Texas, U.S.Height:5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)Weight:232 lb (105 kg)Career informationHigh school:John Tyler (Tyler, Texas)College:Texas (1974–1977)...

 

الجماعة الإسلامية الباكستانية

الرابطة الإسلامية جماعتِ إسلامی (بالأردوية: جَماعَتِ اِسلامی پاکِستان)‏  البلد باكستان  التأسيس تاريخ التأسيس 26 أغسطس 1941 المؤسسون أبو الأعلى المودودي جماعة الإسلام  [لغات أخرى]‏    الشخصيات الأمير سراج الحق المقر الرئيسي المنصورة، لاهور  [لغات أخرى...

Ray Katt

American baseball player (1927-1999) Not to be confused with Ray cat. Baseball player Ray KattCatcherBorn: (1927-05-09)May 9, 1927New Braunfels, Texas, U.S.Died: October 19, 1999(1999-10-19) (aged 72)New Braunfels, Texas, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 16, 1952, for the New York GiantsLast MLB appearanceJuly 21, 1959, for the St. Louis CardinalsMLB statisticsBatting average.232Home runs32Runs batted in120 Teams New York Giants (1952–1956) ...

 

Islam di Komoro

Islam menurut negara Afrika Aljazair Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Kamerun Tanjung Verde Republik Afrika Tengah Chad Komoro Republik Demokratik Kongo Republik Kongo Djibouti Mesir Guinea Khatulistiwa Eritrea Eswatini Etiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Pantai Gading Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagaskar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Maroko Mozambik Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tome dan Principe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Somaliland Afrika Selatan ...