让-雅克·德萨林

雅克一世
海地第一帝國皇帝
統治1804年9月22日-1806年10月17日
加冕1804年10月8日
海地總督
統治1804年1月1日-1804年9月22日
出生(1758-09-20)1758年9月20日
法屬聖多明哥
逝世1806年10月17日(1806歲—10—17)（48歲）
海地第一帝國太子港
配偶Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité
德薩林與佩蒂翁的陵墓

让-雅克·德萨林（法語：Jean-Jacques Dessalines，法语发音：[ʒɑ̃ ʒak dɛsalin]；1758年9月20日—1806年10月17日），海地革命领导人，被視為海地開國元勳。獨立後建立海地第一帝国，稱帝，称雅克一世。他施行军事统治，废除奴隶制，对殖民者进行大屠杀，后遇刺身亡。

生平

德萨林称帝

德薩林出生於海地格蘭德·里維埃的一個黑人奴隸家庭，之前曾為監工。1790年加入起義軍，成為杜桑-卢维图尔的得力將領，1804年1月1日，德薩林在戈納伊夫宣布海地獨立，将国名改为泰诺语的“Ayiti”并任終身總督。他也宣布在海地全国废除奴隶制，海地因此称为第一个废除奴隶制的美洲国家。[1]

德萨林试图不依靠奴隶制仍能保持海地的制糖工业和种植园发展，但他不相信殖民者[2]。很多白人殖民者、种植园主、商人和其他有色人种的自由人，纷纷逃离海地，前往古巴、美国和法国。1804年2到4月间，德萨林下令进行针对殖民者的大屠杀，即1804年海地大屠杀。[3]

1804年9月22日，他被海地解放军的将军们拥戴，成为海地皇帝。10月6日他正式加冕为雅克一世。1805年5月20日，他领导的海地政府颁布帝国宪法，任命德萨林为终身统治者，且有权任命继任者。[4]。宪法还规定海地是全黑人国家，禁止白人殖民者在这里拥有财产或土地[5]，之前白人殖民的财产均为了国家的利益进行没收。[6]

称帝后的德萨林率军进攻伊斯帕尼奥拉岛东部，围攻圣多明哥，但法国海军来援后，德萨林率军撤退。亚历山大·佩蒂翁和亨利·克里斯托夫发动了反对德萨林的起义。1806年10月17日，德萨林真要率军镇压叛乱，在太子港附近遇刺身亡，其忌日現為海地公眾假期，稱為“德薩林日”[7]。

参考文献

  1. ^ James, C.L.R. (1938) Black Jacobins (London: Penguin).[页码请求]
  2. ^ Corbet, Bob (October 1825) "A Brief History of Dessalines". American Missionary Register , VI (10), 292–297. For a web version, see this link, apparently misattributed to the Missionary Journal
  3. ^ Girard, Philippe R. (2011). The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801–1804. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1732-4 pp. 319–322
  4. ^ Gazette Politique et Commerciale D'Haïti (PDF). P. Roux, Imprimeur de L’Empreur. [12 October 2017]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于12 October 2017）. 
  5. ^ Dubois, Laurent. Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution. Harvard University Press. 2004: 300. 
  6. ^ Bellegarde-Smith, Patrick. Haiti: The Breached Citadel Revised and Updated. Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Scholars' Press. 2004: 65. 
  7. ^ 海地一九０三紙幣. 文化部國家文化記憶庫. [2024-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2024-02-07）. 

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