^Quarmby, Ben. The case for national identification cards. 2003 Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 0002 (Duke University). January 31, 2003: E1 [January 11, 2008]. PMID 15709289. (原始内容存档于2012-02-12). If there is no reasonable expectation of privacy with regards to one's DNA information, the obtention of that information will not constitute a search. The DNA card scheme at issue here would not therefore come under 4th Amendment scrutiny
拓展阅读
Kruger, Stephen. "Documentary Identification in the Nascent American Police State" (2012). [1].
Kruger, Stephen. "Police Demands for Hong Kong Identity Cards" (2012). [2].