訊息傳遞 (生物)

哺乳动物主要信号转导通路的简化概要图。

訊息傳遞(英語:signal transduction)又稱訊息傳導讯息传递,是化学或物理信号(訊息)通过一系列分子转变及传递至细胞的过程,最常见的是蛋白激酶催化的蛋白质磷酸化,最终导致细胞反应。

负责检测刺激的蛋白质通常称为“受体”,但依语境有时称“传感器”。[1]受体与配体结合(或信号传感)引起的变化产生信号级联(signaling cascade),其为沿信号传导途径的生物化学事件链。当信号通路彼此相互作用时,它们形成网络,通常通过组合信号传导事件来协调细胞反应。[2]在分子水平上,此类反应包括基因转录或翻译的变化,蛋白质的翻译后和构象变化,以及它们的位置变化。这些分子事件是控制细胞生长,增殖,代谢和许多其他过程的基本机制。[3]在多细胞生物中,信号转导途径已经进化到以多种方式调节细胞通讯。

信号通路的每个组件(或节点)根据其相对于初始刺激所起的作用进行分类。配体被称为第一信使,而受体是信号传感器,然后激活初级效应器。这种效应器通常与第二信使相关联,第二信使可以激活次级效应器,等等。根据节点的效率,可以放大信号(称为信号增益的概念),这样一个信号分子就可以产生涉及数百个到数百万个分子的响应[4]。与其他信号一样,生物信号的转导的特征是延迟,噪声,信号反馈和前馈和干扰,其范围可以从可忽略到病态[5]。随着计算生物学的出现,信号通路和网络的分析已经成为理解细胞功能和疾病的重要工具,包括发信号通知对获得性耐药性反应的重新布线机制。[6]

多米诺级联是信号转导级联的日常生活类比.

刺激

3D 醫學動畫仍然顯示信號轉導。

信號轉導的基礎是將某種刺激轉化為生化信號。 這種刺激的性質可以有很大的不同,例如細胞外的信號(例如EGF的存在)以及細胞內的事件(例如複製性端粒磨損導致的DNA損傷)都屬於刺激[7]。 傳統上,到達中樞神經系統的信號被歸類為感官感覺。 這些在稱為突觸傳遞的過程中從一個神經元傳遞到另一個神經元。 許多其他細胞間信號傳遞機制存在於多細胞生物中,例如控制胚胎發育的那些[8]

受體

受體大致可分為兩大類:細胞內受體和細胞外受體。

第二信使

第一信使是从细胞外液到达细胞并与其特定受体结合的信号分子(激素、神经递质和旁分泌/自分泌剂)。 第二信使是进入细胞质并在细胞内起作用以触发反应的物质。 实质上,第二信使充当从质膜到细胞质的化学中继器,从而进行细胞内信号转导。

参阅

参考资料

  1. ^ Bradshaw, Ralph A.; Dennis, Edward A., eds. (2010). Handbook of Cell Signaling (2nd ed.). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Academic Press. ISBN 9780123741455.
  2. ^ Papin, Jason A.; Hunter, Tony; Palsson, Bernhard O.; Subramaniam, Shankar (14 January 2005). "Reconstruction of cellular signalling networks and analysis of their properties". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 6 (2): 99–111. doi:10.1038/nrm1570. PMID 15654321.
  3. ^ Krauss, Gerhard (2008). Biochemistry of Signal Transduction and Regulation. Wiley-VCH. p. 15. ISBN 978-3527313976.
  4. ^ Reece, Jane; Campbell, Neil (2002). Biology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-6624-5.
  5. ^ Kolch, Walter; Halasz, Melinda; Granovskaya, Marina; Kholodenko, Boris N. (20 August 2015). "The dynamic control of signal transduction networks in cancer cells". Nature Reviews Cancer. 15 (9): 515–527. doi:10.1038/nrc3983. PMID 26289315.
  6. ^ Bago R, Sommer E, Castel P, Crafter C, Bailey FP, Shpiro N, Baselga J, Cross D, Eyers PA, Alessi DR (2016) The hVps34-SGK3 pathway alleviates sustained PI3K/Akt inhibition by stimulating mTORC1 and tumour growth. EMBO Journal 35:1902-22
  7. ^ Smogorzewska A, de Lange T. Different telomere damage signaling pathways in human and mouse cells. The EMBO Journal. August 2002, 21 (16): 4338–48. PMC 126171可免费查阅. PMID 12169636. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdf433. 
  8. ^ Lawrence PA, Levine M. Mosaic and regulative development: two faces of one coin. Current Biology. April 2006, 16 (7): R236–9. PMID 16581495. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.016可免费查阅. 

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