西夏货币

tshjwu ꞏwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj（𘀗𘑨𘏨𘔭），乾佑寶錢
1cash XiXia RenZong TianSheng H1897
西夏仁宗天盛年间发行的天盛元寶

西夏由党项人建立，[1][2]其最早的货币也铸有西夏文，后来出现了汉字。宋朝货币铸字的顺序是上-下-右-左，而西夏货币则完全是顺时针。西夏货币流通了近两个世纪，但实际生产出来的数量很少，在今天很罕见。[3]以物易物仍十分普遍。[4]

1053-1068年间铸造的方孔钱完全由西夏文写就，1068-1206年间的西夏文、汉字并行，1206年后只用汉字。与辽代货币相比，西夏货币的质量更好，1149-1193年间铸造的铜钱、铁钱铸造量较大。[5]

西夏被蒙古灭亡后，西夏文仅见于一枚元朝货币。[6]

历史

在西夏立国后，党项人为保留自己的民族和文化，[7][8]发明了西夏文，早期用于钱币上。[7][8]早期钱币上有śjɨj ljo ljɨ̣ dzjɨj（𗼃𗼕𘏨𘔭）、tha nej ljɨ̣ dzjɨj（𘜶𗵐𘏨𘔭）（年号+宝钱）等字样。[7]铸字顺序一般是顺时针（上-右-下-左）。[9]

近代也发现了带西夏文铭文的钱币，如1999年发现的正德宝钱。[10]

西夏仁宗乾祐年间（1170–1193），西夏政治军事稳定，经济繁荣发展。仁宗高度重视教育，设立各级学校，以推广教育；[7][8]实行科举，以选拔人才；[7][8]尊崇儒学，大修孔庙及尊奉孔子为文宣帝。[7][8]西夏包括货币设计在内的艺术，主要模仿自宋朝。[11]

这一时期西夏产生了宋朝风格的對錢/對品/和合錢，即钱文相同而书体不同、可以成双配对的钱币。[7][8]所用书体有隶书、楷书、行书、草书及篆书（较少见）。[7][8]

西夏钱币列表

参见：按钱文排列的中国钱币列表

西夏钱币的钱文都是用西夏文或汉字书写的。[12]

西夏文铭文：[13][14]

铭文 流通年代 在位皇帝 图像
śjɨj ljo ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𗼃𗼕𘏨𘔭)
福聖寶錢		 1053–1056 毅宗
tha nej ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𘜶𗵐𘏨𘔭)
大安寶錢		 1074–1084 惠宗
tśhja bio̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𗣼𘝯𘏨𘔭)
貞觀寶錢		 1101–1113 崇宗
tśhja mji̲ ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𗣼𘇚𘏨𘔭)
正德寶錢		 1127–1134 崇宗
tshjwu ꞏwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𘀗𘑨𘏨𘔭)
乾佑寶錢		 1170–1193 仁宗
ŋwər ljwu ljɨ̣ dzjɨj (𘓺𘅝𘏨𘔭
天慶寶錢		 1194–1206 桓宗

汉字铭文：

铭文 书体 流通年代 在位皇帝 图像
大安通寶 隶书 1074–1084 惠宗
元德通寶 隶书 1119–1126 崇宗
大德通寶 楷书 1135–1139 崇宗
天盛元寶 楷书 1149–1169 仁宗
乾佑元寶 楷书、行书、篆书[7][8] 1170–1193 仁宗
天慶元寶 楷书 1194–1206 桓宗
皇建元寶 楷书 1210–1211 襄宗
光定元寶 行书、篆书[7][8] 1211–1223 神宗

西夏货币上的篆书

见诸文献的西夏货币记载都称钱文用楷书或行书，不用篆书。[7]1984年9月，发现了篆书写就的“光定元寶”，2012年又发现了“乾佑元寶”。[7]篆书西夏货币绝大多数都是“光定元寶”钱，目前仅发现了一枚篆书“乾佑元寶”钱。[7]

今日，这些新发现的变体已作为西夏“对钱”列入新的中国钱币目录。[7]在现代，发现新的古代中国货币种类是很少见的事了，所以篆书“乾佑元寶”的发现在中国钱币收藏界引起了不小的轰动。[7]

光定元寶

铭文书体为篆书的“光定元寶”钱。

1984年9月初，宁夏出土了一批古钱币，其中有一枚钱文为篆书的“光定元寶”。[7][8]当时宁夏省会、西夏故都银川附近的贺兰山发生了洪灾，这些钱币借此重见天日。[15][8]出土钱币中有汉、唐、宋、辽、金等很多朝代的货币，[15]其中辽金钱币此前鲜见，篆书“光定元寶”更是见所未见。[15]这枚篆书“光定元寶”钱直径25.3mm，厚1.4mm，重4.3g。[7]

2002年，陕西省出土了第二枚篆书“光定元寶”，随后在内蒙古又发现了第三枚。[7][8]后来在宁夏同心县一次发现了十余枚。[7][8]

乾佑元寶

篆书“乾佑元寶”拓片

长期以来人们一直问为西夏末生产的“光定元寶”钱是唯一一种带篆书钱文的西夏货币。[7][8]2012年，宁夏同心县一名农民发现了一批西夏货币，其中有一枚的钱文是篆书写的“乾佑元寶”。[7][8]这枚钱币直径25.4mm，厚1.5mm，重3.3g。[7][8]

华东师范大学艺术研究所朱浒博士在《中国钱币》2016年第1期上发表了对这枚钱币的评价。[7][8]他认为，这枚钱币的设计灵感来自北宋篆书“对钱”。[7][8]朱浒指出，“祐”字篆书的写法与宋朝“景祐元寶”“嘉祐元寶”“元祐通寶”的写法相同。[7][8]“乾佑元寶”的“元”“寶”与“宣和元寶”的“元”“寶”相似，且“寶”字与“政和通寶”的篆书相似。[7][8]

这枚独特的篆书“乾佑元寶”钱的发现，也意味着这枚钱币是目前已知惟一的以楷书、行书和篆书三种不同书体存在的西夏货币。[7][8]

据Primaltrek网站上的Gary Ashkenazy的说法，这枚钱币制作十分精良，在他看来可能是试铸品，其中只有极少数用于流通。[7]

“光定元寶”和“乾佑元寶”篆书风格的差异

“光定元寶”的篆书“元”字比“乾佑元寶”的篆书“元”字更“曲折”，[7]“光定元寶”底部的“元”字触及币缘，而“乾佑元寶”的“元”字则没有。[7]另外，“光定元寶”的“寶”字的宝盖头更方正。[7]

所有这些特征也可见于宋代篆书对钱。[7][8]

钱币窖藏中的西夏货币

  • 1972年，内蒙古巴林左旗林东镇辽上京遗址发现了一枚带西夏文的“大安寶錢”（𘜶𗵐𘏨𘔭）。[16]

另见

注释

参考文献

  1. ^ 1984 "Who are the Tanguts? Remarks on Tangut Ethnogenesis and the Ethnonym Tangut." Journal of Asian History 18:1: 78-89.
  2. ^ 1994 "Hsi-Hsia." The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6. Eds. Denis C. Twitchett and Herbert Franke. Cambridge University Press
  3. ^ S.W. Bushell "The Hsi Hsia Dynasty of Tangut, Their Money and Peculiar Script" (Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society Vol.XXX (1895-1896) pp. 142-160.
  4. ^ Chinaknowledge.de Chinese History - Western Xia Empire Economy. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 2000 ff. © Ulrich Theobald. Retrieved: 13 July 2017.
  5. ^ 中國錢幣（西夏）. Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 2016-11-16 [2017-06-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-01） （英语）. 
  6. ^ BabelStone by Andrew West (（中文）) Zhida Tongbao 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2018-09-04.. Wednesday, 10 January 2007. Retrieved: 20 June 2017.
  7. ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 7.27 7.28 7.29 7.30 7.31 Unique Western Xia Coin Written in Seal Script Unearthed in Ningxia.. Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 2016-10-04 [2017-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-08-16） （英语）. 
  8. ^ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 “China Numismatics” (2016年1期). 宁夏首次出土篆书乾祐元宝。 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 朱 浒 盛世隆泉 Published: 2016-04-25, 朱浒, 华东师范大学艺术研究所 Retrieved: 20 June 2017.
  9. ^ 魏安. Tangut Coins.. BabelStone Blog. 2007-01-29 [2020-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-14） （英语）. 
  10. ^ 易凯峰. 西夏 崇宗正德年"正德宝钱".. China Central Television (CCTV). 2005-10-08 [2020-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-16） （中文（中国大陆））. 
  11. ^ Chinese History - Western Xia Empire Arts.. By Ulrich Theobald (Chinaknowledge). 2000 [2020-02-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-21） （英语）. 
  12. ^ Charms.ru Coincidences of Vietnam and China cash coins legends （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Francis Ng, People’s Republic of China, Thuan D. Luc, United States, and Vladimir A. Belyaev, Russia March–June, 1999 Retrieved: 17 June 2017.
  13. ^ BabelStone (Andrew West) Tangut Coins 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-05-24.. Monday, 29 January 2007. Retrieved: 18 June 2017.
  14. ^ 李範文, 《夏漢字典》 (北京: 中国社会科学出版社. 1997).
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 牛达生. 银川首次出土篆书光定元宝平钱.. 北京清华大学. 2016 [2020-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-15） （中文（中国大陆））. 
  16. ^ 魏安. Diary of a Rambling Antiquarian - Sunday, 1 October 2017 - Liao Superior Capital Revisited.. BabelStone. 2017-10-01 [2020-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-26） （英语）. 

资料

  • 1994. 西夏的衡制與幣制. 《中國錢幣》 1994.1: 3-8,17, 81
  • 2002. 西夏货币制度概述. 《中國錢幣》 2002.3:43-46
  • Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). Cast Chinese Coins. Trafford, United Kingdom: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1412054669.
  • 牛达生. 西夏钱币研究. (2013)

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