船体

船的主要部分:1-烟囱;2-船尾;3-螺旋桨;4-;5-;6-球狀船首;7-船头;8-甲板;9-上层建筑 (工程)英语Superstructure

船体,也称船身船壳。船体的形状会影响船舶在水中的航行速度和稳定性。船舶按船体的数量可分为单体船、双体船和三体船。[1]

形状

船体的形状

单体船

单体船英语monohull是一类只有一个船体的船舶,是水上船舶最常见的形式。单体船在水中常吃水较深。[2]

美軍的穿浪雙體船

双体船

双体船通过一个框架连接两个船体,稳定性好,在海上可承受较大的风浪,不易翻船。在高速时,两个较瘦长的船体可以大幅降低船身的阻力。由于跨越了两个船体,双体船通常有更多的空间。另外,双体船吃水浅能够接近岸边抛锚。[3]

最早的双体船是波利尼西亚人发明的[4]。在公元5世纪,印度泰米尔的朱罗王朝就用由双体船组成的舰队征服了东南亚地区。1662年,威廉•配第设计了欧洲的第一艘双体船的草图,但该船型并未获得认同[5][6]。1960年代后开始出现不同的高性能双体船设计,大致可分为:普通双体船(Basic Catamaran)、小水线面双体船(Small Water-plane Area Twin Hull, SWATH)、穿浪双体船(Wave Piercing Catamaran)和复合双体船等四类。[7][8][9]

三体船

三体船(trimaran)主要由三个船体组成,其中间为主船体(vaka),尺度约占排水体积的90%,两侧并肩各有一个大小相同的辅助船体(akas)。土著波利尼西亚人在近4,000年前就建造了第一批三体船(马来式帆船)。[1]

设计

船体型线图

船体工程师们发明了船体型线图,以便在图纸上反应船体形状[10]。它由三组线图构成:横剖线图、半宽水线图和纵剖线图[11]。设绘船体型线图时要考虑船型系数、线型特征等方面。首先要确定主尺度系数和外形轮廓等初始条件。然后要根据一定的步骤设绘型线图:1-设绘格子线,2-设绘横剖面面积曲线,3-设绘主甲板边线及满载水线,4-设绘船舶侧投影轮廓线,5-设绘折角线及舭部升高线,6-设绘横剖面线图,7-设绘水线面线图,8-设绘纵剖面线图,9-检查型线图是否光顺,10-标注尺寸、绘制型值表。型线图设绘是一个逐步近似的过程。图上的每一根曲线都不是一次完成的,而是经过几次,几十次修改才能完成。[12]

保养

航母上的一位維護技师在切割钢板。

船体可以根据中国船级社提供的《船体检查保养计划指南》进行日常保养[13]。根据美国海军人事处英语Bureau of Naval Personnel的要求,船体保养技师英语Hull maintenance technician应制定计划,定期检查船体,并实施安装、保养、维修等工作[14]

測量

船體結構可用於量化以下項目:

專有名詞定義:

專有名詞示意圖
  • 船寬B):船體的寬度。(例如:BWL 是水線最大船寬)
  • 吃水深度d)或(T):船底龍骨至水線(WL)的垂直距離。
  • 乾舷FB):深度加上龍骨結構高度減去吃水深度。
  • 水線長LWL):自前端水線在剖面中測量至後端水線最遠點的長度。
  • 垂標間距LBPLPP):夏季載重水線[a]艉柱到越過艏柱英语Stem (ship)的位置的長度。
  • 全長LOA):從一端到另一端的極端長度。
  • 型深(D):從龍骨頂部到側面上層甲板下方的垂直距離[15]

專有名詞與船型結合,可導出以下指標:

  • 排水量Δ):相當於船體浸沒體積的水重量。
  • 浮心長(LCB):浸泡體積重心的縱向位置,通常給出從參考點(通常是中央)到靜態浸沒體積的重心的距離。請注意,當船體處於平衡狀態時,船體的重心必須與浮心長對齊。
  • 浮心縱(LCF):水面積的重心縱向位置,通常表示從參考點(通常是中央)到靜態水面積的中心的距離。可以將其想像為由水面和船體定義的區域。
  • 浮心垂(VCB):被浸泡體積的重心的垂直位置,通常表示從參考點(如基線)到靜態浸泡體積的中心的距離。
  • 體積(V):船體排水的水體積。

公式

1.方形係數 2.中横剖面係数 3.菱形係數 4.水線面積係数

不同船體的差異,可由以下係數表示[16]

  • 方形係數(Cb)

排水量(V),與由吃水線處的船體寬度(B)、船體長度(L)乘上吃水高度(d)的體積之比稱為“方形係數(Cb)” 。油輪等大型艦船的Cb值較高,而帆船等小型船的Cb較低(像喀琅施塔得號的數值為0.61,但IIA型只有0.3986)。


  • 中横剖面係数(Cm)

船舯水線以下的面積(Am),與外接它的矩形B × d的面積之比稱為“中横剖面係数”。這定義了船體底部的厚度。


  • 菱形係數(Cp)

最大橫向面積乘以船體長度(L)所得的排水容積(V)與直柱容積(L × Am)比稱為「菱形係數」。這用於評估底部體積的分佈。低Cp表示較寬的中段和方正的船尾,高Cp表示船尾較突出。若要要求高速,傾向於更高的Cp。此外,以低福祿數行駛的高效排水型船體,往往具有低Cp。


  • 水線面積係数(Cw)

水線圍成的水線內面積(Aw)與外接矩形的面積(L × B)之比稱為“水線面係數”[17]。水線面積係數表示水線面的豐滿程度,或水線面面積與相同長寬的矩形之比。較低的Cw值表示船尾較方正;反之,較高的Cw值表示船尾較突出。高Cw提高了穩定性以及在惡劣條件下的抗壓能力。


註解

  1. ^ 這被定義為位於水線上,從龍骨頂部測量的最小型深度的85%處的96%總長度,或者如果更長,則是從艉柱前側到該水線上的舵柄軸線的長度。

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 船体工程学 (PDF). TryEngineering. [2017-07-17]. [永久失效連結]
  2. ^ Jim Howard, Charles J. Doane. Handbook of offshore cruising: The Dream and Reality of Modern Ocean Cruising. Sheridan House, Inc. : 280 [2017-07-17]. ISBN 1-57409-093-3. (原始内容存档于2012-10-22). 
  3. ^ 对比双体船与单体船. 中国海洋网. 驭艇网. 2016-06-06 [2017-07-17]. (原始内容存档于2017-02-11). 
  4. ^ Polynesian History and Origin. Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey. PBS. [2016-01-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-20). 
  5. ^ Model of a twin-hulled ship - William Petty. Royal Society. [2014-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2014-02-22). 
  6. ^ Sailing with an Achilles' keel | General. Times Higher Education. 2000-09-22 [2014-08-08]. (原始内容存档于2012-09-23). 
  7. ^ Forbes, John; Young, Jim. A Brief Tornado History—The Story of the Tornado, the Olympic Catamaran. International Tornado Class Association. 2003 [2016-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-27). 
  8. ^ History. Incat. 2016 [2016-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-05). 
  9. ^ Our story. Austal. 2016 [2016-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-03). 
  10. ^ 军事科技前沿. 军舰生命的起点:船体型线图. 新华网. 科普中国. 2016-08-23 [2017-07-17]. (原始内容存档于2016-09-01). 
  11. ^ 船体型线图. 国际船舶网. 2013-12-30 [2017-07-17]. [永久失效連結]
  12. ^ 龙范宜. 船体型线图设绘 (PDF). 船舶设计技术交流. 2002, (3): 19. [永久失效連結]
  13. ^ 船体体检查查保养计划指指南. 北京: 中国船级社. 2014-09 [2017-07-17]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-23). 
  14. ^ US Navy Course - Hull Maintenance Technician NAVEDTRA 14119. Navy Education and Training Professional Development and Technology Center. [2017-07-18]. 
  15. ^ International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969. International Conventions. Admiralty and Maritime Law Guide. 1969-06-23 [2007-10-27]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-10). , Annex 1, Regulations for determining gross and net tonnages of ships, Reg. 2(2)(a). In ships with rounded gunwales, the upper measurement point is take to the point at which the planes of the deck and side plating intersect. Id., Reg. 2(2)(b). Ships with stepped decks are measured to a line parallel with the upper part. Id., Reg. 2(2)(c).
  16. ^ Rawson, E.C.; Tupper. Basic Ship Theory 1 2nd. Longman. 1976: 12–14. ISBN 0-582-44523-X. 
  17. ^ 泉江三著 『日本の戦艦 上』 グランプリ出版 2001年4月20日初版発行 ISBN 487687221X

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