自發裂變

自發裂變(英語:spontaneous fission)是一種放射性衰變,只發生於高原子序化學元素。由於元素的核結合能原子量約為58個原子質量單位(u)時最高,因此更高質量的原子核可能會自發性地分裂為數個較小的原子核,以及一些單獨的核子

理論上質量數(A)大於等於93的β衰變穩定同量素英语beta-decay stable isobars都可以發生自發裂變(包括α衰變) ,因此理論上能夠自發裂變的最輕天然核素鈮-9393
41
Nb
)和鉬-9494
42
Mo
)。然而在自然界的鈮和鉬同位素中卻都沒有觀測到自發裂變的跡象。

目前只有在質量數232以上的核素中才實際觀測到自發裂變現象的發生。其中最輕的核素為釷-232232
90
Th
),其半衰期大於宇宙的年齡。釷-232是具有發生自發裂變的證據的最輕原始核素英语Primordial nuclide。钍-232、鈾-235235
92
U
)及鈾-238238
92
U
)雖然有極低機率發生自發裂變,但絕大多數時間都進行α衰變。因此這些核素的自發裂變幾乎可以忽略,只在使用衰變分支比計算元素的放射性時用到。鈾-238和鈾-235自發衰變時,衰變碎片會在含鈾礦物晶體結構中留下破壞的痕跡。這些痕跡稱為「裂變徑跡」,是放射性定年法裂變徑跡定年法的基礎。

鋦-250250
96
Cm
)是已知最輕的以自發裂變為主要衰變模式的核素。至於最容易進行自發裂變的元素主要為原子序數為100以上的人造錒系元素錒系後元素,例如等。

要計算一種原子核是否能自發裂變,並其發生時長足夠短以允許現行方法進行觀測,能用以下公式約算:

[1]

其中Z為原子序而A為原子量

顧名思義,自發裂變產物與人工核裂變所產生的相同。但是正如其他形式的核衰變,自發裂變是由於量子隧穿效應,而不像人工核裂變需要以中子或其他粒子撞擊來誘發。自發裂變和誘發裂變一樣產生中子,因此如果達到了臨界質量,自發裂變能夠初始自我維持的連鎖反應。另外,明顯發生自發裂變的放射性核素能作為中子源。例如-252(半衰期2.645年,自發裂變分支比約為3.1%)便有此應用。所產生的中子能用以檢查航空行李中是否藏有爆炸品,或測量高速公路及建築物土質的溼度。

如果自發裂變所減少的原子核數量是可忽略的,那該過程能準確地模擬為泊松分佈。在這種情況下,短時段內發生自發裂變的概率與時長大約成正比。

自發裂變率

自發裂變率:[2]

核素 半衰期 每次衰變的裂變概率 每次衰變的中子產數 每克每秒的中子產數
235U 7.04x108 7.0x10−11 1.86 1.0x10−5
238U 4.47x109 5.4x10−7 2.07 0.0136
239Pu 2.41x104 4.4x10−12 2.16 2.2x10−2
240Pu 6569年 5.0x10−8 2.21 920
250Cm 8300年 0.80 ? ?
252Cf 2.638年 3.09x10−2 3.73 2.3x1012

事實上239Pu無可避免地會含有一定量的240Pu,因為239Pu在製造時會吸收一顆額外的中子。因為240Pu有高自發裂變率,因此它是必須移除的污染物。武器級的鈽樣本中有不超過7.0%的240Pu。

甚少使用的槍型核彈的臨界接入時間大約為1毫秒,而在這段時間內發生自發裂變的機會需要很小,所以只能使用235U。幾乎所有核彈都用內爆法。

自發裂變在原子核進行超形變時會發生得更快。

歷史

最先發現的裂變反應是由中子引發的裂變。由於宇宙射線能製造中子,所以很難區分由中子引致的裂變和自發裂變事件。用厚厚的一層岩石或水可以有效地遮蔽宇宙射線。自發裂變在1940年由蘇聯物理學家格奧爾基·弗廖羅夫和Konstantin Petrzhak[3][4]在觀察莫斯科地鐵Dinamo站中位於地下60米的鈾時發現。[5]

參考資料

  1. ^ Krane, Kenneth S. Introductory Nuclear Physics. John Wiley & Sons. 1988: 483–484 (Equation 13.3). ISBN 978-0-471-80553-3. 
  2. ^ Shultis, J. Kenneth; Richard E. Faw. Fundamentals of Nuclear Science and Engineering. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 2002: 137 (table 6.2). ISBN 0-8247-0834-2. 
  3. ^ G. Scharff-Goldhaber and G. S. Klaiber. Spontaneous Emission of Neutrons from Uranium. Phys. Rev. 1946, 70 (3–4): 229–229. Bibcode:1946PhRv...70..229S. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.70.229.2. 
  4. ^ Igor Sutyagin: The role of nuclear weapons and its possible future missions. [2012-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03). 
  5. ^ K. Petrzhak: How the spontaneous fission was discovered页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (in Russian)

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