腎小球

腎小球
紅色的部分是微血管叢,血流經由箭頭方向移動。粉紅色雙層的球型構造即為鮑氏囊。而濾液進入鮑氏囊後由圖上方離開進入近曲小管
腎臟的血管分布圖。
基本信息
发育自後腎胚基英语Metanephric blastema
位置腎單位
标识字符
拉丁文glomerulus renalis
MeSHD007678
FMAFMA:15624
格雷氏p.1221
解剖學術語

腎小球(renal glomerulus)又稱肾丝球丝球体,是肾元中用于将血液过滤生成原尿的一团微血管,被鮑氏囊所包裹;絲球體與鮑氏囊则合稱為腎小體,是肾脏的基本过滤单元[1]。术语 glomerulus 源自拉丁语 glomer-(ball,球之义)和 -ulus (small,小之义)。

血液經由入球小動脈進入腎小球。腎小球內的微血管不像其他微血管,匯流入靜脈,而是流入出球小動脈。在腎小球內,微血管受到高壓,而加速了過濾作用的進行。微血管中的血液經由過濾作用之後,形成濾液,滲入鮑氏囊內。

腎小球的過濾速率便稱為腎小球過濾率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)或腎絲球過濾率。

血液入絲球體

(a)近腎小球的結構具有特化的細胞,可以從遠曲小管監控體液的組成,並調整腎小球的過濾速率
(b)這張顯微照片顯示腎小球周圍的構造。

入球小動脈(interlobular artery)在流入腎小球後分岔為微血管,入球小動脈的鬆緊可控制微血管的壓力,藉此影響腎小球過濾速率。有項研究指出,倘若大鼠的入球小動脈較狹窄,可造成血壓增加。[2]此外,交感神經系統以及激素也會造成縮小入球小動脈的直徑,造成血壓增加。

分層

血漿在穿越腎小球微血管的內皮細胞、腎小球的基底膜足細胞(podocyte)之後,便會進入到鮑氏囊的內腔。這個作用稱為「過濾作用」。其作用和機制如圖詳述:

腎臟腎單位由腎小球至鮑氏囊(棕色大箭頭往上方向)之濾過裂隙的過濾作用示意圖:
(A).腎小球的內皮細胞(The endothelial cells of the glomerulus):
 1.膜孔(fenestra)
(B).腎小球基底膜
 1.内層板(lamina rara interna)
 2.致密層(lamina densa)
 3.外層板(lamina rara externa)
(C).足細胞
 1.酵素及結構蛋白(enzymatic and structural protein)
 2.濾過裂隙
 3.膈膜(diaphragma/裂隙隔膜)

內皮細胞

腎小球的內皮細胞具有許多窗孔(Fenestra英语Fenestra (histology)),這些窗孔直徑約70至100奈米之間。這些孔洞相對於其他通透性微血管來說相當大,足以讓血漿和水溶性蛋白質流動,但仍不足以使紅血球通過。

腎小球基底膜

腎小球內皮的基底膜相當厚(約250–350 奈米)。

足細胞(Podocytes)

足細胞是附在腎小球基底膜另一側的細胞,並構成鮑氏囊的內層部分,因此有時並不被認為是腎小球的一部分,而是屬於鮑氏囊的構造。它像是互相握住的手掌一樣,緊緊握住腎小球微血管,他們控制了蛋白質從微血管流入鮑氏囊內腔。

足細胞之間的縫隙有濾過裂隙,其上的"裂隙隔膜"由多種蛋白質組成,包括足蛋白腎病蛋白。此外,足突(足細胞的指狀突起)處有一層負電層(糖萼),限制了如血清白蛋白等陰電性的分子流入。

腎小球内繫膜细胞(Intraglomerular mesangial cell)

腎小球内繫膜细胞是一種外被細胞英语pericytes,可在內皮細胞及腎小球間的間質中找到。他們會壓縮腎小球,改變腎小球的過濾速率。

選擇性

壁層的結構影響了血管穿透性英语Vascular permeability。足細胞基底膜孔洞極小(8 nm),並帶有負電荷,大分子及帶陰電性的分子會被阻擋在外。[3]這種小分子就可以順利通過,而血紅素白蛋白這種大分子就完全過不去。

血液出絲球體

血液在流經腎小球後會經由出球小動脈英语efferent arteriole流出。請注意,由此流出的是小動脈arteriole),而非微靜脈venule)。由於小動脈具有較厚的平滑肌中膜英语tunica media),彈性及收縮能力較微靜脈佳,讓腎小球更有能力調控流入腎小球的血流。

近髓肾单位英语juxtamedullary nephron(離髓質最近的15%腎元)區域的出球小動脈會延伸出直的微血管分支,運送等滲透壓的血液進入髓質。稱為直管英语vasa recta(vasa recta),為亨爾氏套英语loop of Henle(loop of Henle)中的一部分。並在腎元的逆流交換系統英语countercurrent exchange(countercurrent exchange)扮演重要角色。

流經出球小動脈的血液最後會流入腎小葉間靜脈英语interlobular vein(interlobular vein)。

鄰腎小球細胞(Juxtaglomerular cells)

入球小動脈的血管壁上含有一層特化的平滑肌細胞,可以合成腎素,稱為鄰腎小球細胞(juxtaglomerular cell,JGA),在肾素-血管紧张素系统中扮演重要角色,協助調控血量英语blood volume血壓

歷史

1666年,馬爾皮基(Malpighi)首次提到了腎小球的概念,並表示它們與腎血管的相通。約175年後,鮑爾曼(Bowman)闡明了腎小球的微血管和鮑氏囊結構[4]

附加圖像

參見

參考文獻

  1. ^ Deakin, Barbara Young; et al. Wheater's Functional Histology: a text and colour atlas 5th. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. 2006: 304. ISBN 978-0-443068508. 
  2. ^ Norrelund, H; Christensen, KL. Early narrowed afferent arteriole is a contributor to the development of hypertension. Hypertension (Danish Biomembrane Research Centre). 1994, 24: 301–308 [July 2011]. (原始内容存档于2018-03-11). 
  3. ^ Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders. 2006: 316–317. ISBN 0-7216-0240-1. 
  4. ^ "lippicotts histology for pathologesits; satcey e. mills

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