考據學

考據學又称考证学朴学,是一种治学方法。

內容主旨

考據學的歷史久遠,歐洲有《聖經》考据学。中國的考據之學鼎盛於清朝乾嘉年間(乾隆嘉庆年间),故又名乾嘉學派。著名學者有惠栋戴震段玉裁王引之王念孙等人,“毕注於名物训诂之考订,所成就亦超出前儒之上。”[1]

桐城健將姚鼐提倡“義理(內容合理)、考據(材料確切)、詞章(文詞精美),三者不可偏廢。”[2]道光咸丰之際,曾国藩又把经济与义理、考据、词章并列[3],他认为,“天下之大事宜考究者凡十四宗:曰官制、曰财用、曰盐政、曰漕务、曰钱法、曰冠礼、曰婚礼、曰丧礼、曰祭礼、曰兵制、曰兵法、曰刑律、曰地舆、曰河渠”[4]

郭嵩燾認為:“專門名家言考據者又約有三途:曰訓詁,研審文字,辨析毫芒;曰考證,循求典冊,窮極流別;曰讎校,搜羅古籍,參差離合。三者同源異用,而各極其能。”[5]

参见

注釋

  1. ^ 孟森明史讲义》《清史讲义
  2. ^ 姚鼐《述庵文抄序》,《惜抱軒文集》卷四
  3. ^ 曾國藩《聖哲畫像記》:“至若葛、陸、范、馬,在聖門則以德行而兼政事也;周、程、張、朱,在聖門則德行之科也,皆義理也;韓、柳、歐、曾、李、杜、蘇、黃,在聖門則言語之科也,所謂詞章者也;許、鄭、杜、馬、顧、秦、姚、王,在聖門則文學之科也。顧、秦于杜、馬為近,姚、王于許、鄭為近,皆考據也。”
  4. ^ 求阙斋日记
  5. ^ 《王氏校定衢本〈郡齋讀書志〉序》,《郭嵩燾詩文集

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