紅色電話亭

典型的K6电话亭,摄于伦敦

红色电话亭英国的标志性电话亭,是英国最典型的文化标志之一[1],但也见于马耳他百慕大群岛直布罗陀。因为行動電話的普及,使用公用电话的人数不断减少,其数量也在逐年降低,但在英国街头仍很常见。2006年,它被评为英国十大设计标志之一。[2][3]

历史

K1,萨默塞特郡庭庭胡尔

K1

1921年第一个K1电话亭生产出来,树立于赫尔河畔金斯敦[4],质地是混凝土。截止2017年,全英总共还剩六个K1电话亭,全部为二级登录建筑[5]

K2

K2,伦敦皇家音乐学院
K6(左)和 K2(右),圣约翰伍德高街

为了选出理想的电话亭,1924年皇家艺术委员会组织了一个艺术设计比赛,贾莱斯·吉尔伯特·斯科特的设计脱颖而出[6]。他最初设计的电话亭是木质的,唯一一个这样的K2电话亭现存于伦敦皇家音乐学院,剩下的全部为皇家邮政改造的铁制电话亭。 此外,从1926年开始,所有的红色电话亭上都画上了皇冠。

K3

K3也是小贾莱斯·吉尔伯特·斯科特设计的,1929年启用,设计基本与K2一致,只是材质改为混凝土。

K4

K4是皇家邮政工程部门自己在1927年设计的,总共就造了50个。

K5

K5是1934年设计的,但K5的相关资料很少,也没有生产很多。

K6

为了庆祝乔治五世银婚,1935年K6被设计出来,设计师仍然是斯科特,次年投产[7],并迅速扩散到全国各地。[8]

K7和K8

K8,阿默舍姆站

1959年,建筑师内维尔·康德(Neville Conder)设计了K7电话亭,1968年布鲁斯·马丁(Bruce Martin)又设计了K8。1970年代末80年代初,英国还有生产一种小型的黄色电话亭,即Booth 7A。[9]

KX系列

KX100

1980年,皇家邮政的电话业务分离出来产生英国电信集团(BT)。1981年2月,有消息称BT将会把所有电话亭都将被改漆成黄色。这个消息引发了强烈的民众抗议[10]。英国上议院议员第二代高里伯爵格雷·鲁思文要求BT放弃“这个可笑的计划”[11]撒切尔夫人也因此被下议院议员责问[12]。不久后,BT只改漆了90个电话亭(当时总共约77,000个)便放弃了此计划。[10]

1982年,BT开始生产自己的KX100电话亭以取代其他电话亭,之后该公司又陆续生产了KX200、KX300等系列[13]

文化保存

一些地方政府则开始保护传统的红色电话亭,有约两千个红色电话亭被列为登录建筑。而很多电话亭也不再設有公用电话,而是改成了淋浴间、图书室、儲藏室等,有的甚至配上了去纤颤器(AED)[14][15],也有些電話亭被收藏家收購[16]。截止2020年1月,大概只有两千个红色电话亭还能正常使用[17]

增长速度

年代 数量 注释
1925– 1,000 K1
1930– 8,000 加上K2 & K3
1935– 19,000 K6启用
1940– 35,000
1950– 44,000
1960– 64,000
1970– 70,000 K8在1968启用
1980– 73,000

参考文献

  1. ^ Odone, Cristina. The trashing of the iconic red phone box is one bad call. The Daily Telegraph. 11 March 2013 [2020-04-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-26). 
  2. ^ Long list unveiled for national vote on public's favourite example of Great British Design. BBC. 18 November 2016 [2020-04-12]. (原始内容存档于2019-02-14). 
  3. ^ Concorde voted the UK's top icon. BBC News. 18 November 2016 [2020-04-12]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-03). 
  4. ^ Historic England. K1 Telephone Kiosk in Market Hall (Grade II) (1219597). National Heritage List for England英语National Heritage List for England. [22 November 2017]. 
  5. ^ Search Results for K1 TELEPHONE KIOSK. Historic England. [22 November 2017]. 
  6. ^ New Telephone Kiosks", The Times, 28 March 1925, p. 9
  7. ^ Stamp 1989, pp. 13–14.
  8. ^ Stamp 1989, p. 14.
  9. ^ A pictorial guide to telephone boxes....... redphonebox.info. [2020-04-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-18). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Willis, David K. Britain hangs on to tradition with a stiff upper lip. The Christian Science Monitor (Boston, Mass., USA: The First Church of Christ, Scientist). 25 February 1981 [20 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-16). 
  11. ^ House of Lords Debate 11 February 1981 – Telephone Service: West Country-London. hansard.millbanksystems.com. UK Parliament. [20 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  12. ^ 1981 Feb 10 Tu – Margaret Thatcher – House of Commons PQs. margaretthatcher.org. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. [20 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-26). 
  13. ^ KIOSKS – KX TYPES. britishtelephones.com. [2020-04-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-01). 
  14. ^ 3,000th adopted red phone box fitted with defibrillator to help save lives. bt.com. [31 March 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-04-12). 
  15. ^ Convert a BT Kiosk - Community Heartbeat Trust. www.communityheartbeat.org.uk. [31 March 2018]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-20). 
  16. ^ 倫敦生活A to Z. 無用的最經典「英國紅色電話亭」 , P for Phone Box. 聯合新聞網. 2022-01-21 [2022-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-31). 
  17. ^ Coltman, Richard. The Telephone Box. www.the-telephone-box.co.uk. [20 January 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-27). 

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