符号的一般研究始于奥古斯丁的拉丁文作品,以1632年John Poinsot的Tractatus de Signis达到顶峰,然后在1867年查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士尝试起草“新范畴表”时复兴。最近,翁贝托·埃科在他的《符号学和语言哲学》中指出,大多数,甚至可能是所有重要思想家的作品中,都可能蕴含着符号学理论。
在《訊息與意味》(Messages and Meanings: An Introduction to Semiotics, 1994)一書中,馬歇爾·達耐西(Marcel Danes)提出符號學家的職責應以研究指示關係為優先,其次才是溝通交流。
以文化為研究範圍的是現代符號學的特質,當中包括民間故事分析(folklore analysis)、人类学(anthropology)、敘事學(narratology)、言說分析(discourse analysis)、神話符號學(semiotics of myth)、藝術符號學(semiotics of art)等領域。
Thomas Sebeok[註 4]将“semiology”吸收进了更广泛的符号学“semiotics”,将索绪尔的符号学视为符号学整体的一部分,他也参与了第一个符号研究国际期刊《Semiotica》的定名。索绪尔符号学对结构主义和后结构主义流派影响深远。例如,雅克·德里达研究索绪尔提出的能指和所指关系时,指出能指和所指均不是固定的,遂创造“延异”(différance)一词,表示意义的无限延迟以及“超越的所指”的缺失。
符号学领域的其他早期理论家还包括查尔斯·莫里斯。[26]Jozef Maria Bochenski在1951年研究该领域时写道:“与数理逻辑密切相关的是所谓的符号学(Charles Morris),现已被数理逻辑学家普遍采用。符号学是符号的理论,分为三个部分:(1)逻辑句法学,符号相互关系的理论,(2)逻辑语义学,符号与符号所代表的东西之间的关系的理论,以及(3)逻辑语用学,符号、符号含义和符号使用者之间的关系。”[27]Max Black认为伯特兰·罗素的工作在该领域具有开创性意义。[28]
^The whole anthology, Frontiers in Semiotics, was devoted to the documentation of this pars pro toto move of Sebeok
^Max Fisch has compiled Peirce-related bibliographical supplements in 1952, 1964, 1966, 1974; was consulting editor on the 1977 microfilm of Peirce's published works and on the Comprehensive Bibliography associated with it; was among the main editors of the first five volumes of Writings of Charles S. Peirce (1981–1993); and wrote a number of published articles on Peirce, many collected in 1986 in Peirce, Semeiotic, and Pragmatism. See also Charles Sanders Peirce bibliography.
^"The distinction between the being of existing Dasein and the Being of entities, such as Reality, which do not have the character of Dasein...is nothing with which philosophy may tranquilize itself. It has long been known that ancient ontology works with 'Thing-concepts' and that there is a danger of 'reifying consciousness'. But what does this 'reifying' signify? Where does it arise? Why does Being get 'conceived' 'proximally' in terms of the present-at-hand and not in terms of the ready-to-hand, which indeed lies closer to us? Why does reifying always keep coming back to exercise its dominion?" This is the question that the Umwelt/Lebenswelt distinction as here drawn answers to." (Heidegger 1962/1927:486)
^Detailed demonstration of Sebeok's role of the global emergence of semiotics is recorded in at least three recent volumes: (1)Semiotics Seen Synchronically. The View from 2010 (Ottawa: Legas, 2010). (2)Semiotics Continues To Astonish. Thomas A. Sebeok and the Doctrine of Signs (Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, 2011)—a 526-page assemblage of essays, vignettes, letters, pictures attesting to the depth and extent of Sebeok's promotion of semiotic understanding around the world, including his involvement with Juri Lotman and the Tartu University graduate program in semiotics (currently directed by P. Torop, M. Lotman and K. Kull). (3) Sebeok's Semiotic Prologues (Ottawa: Legas, 2012)—a volume which gathers together in Part I all the "prologues" (i.e., introductions, prefaces, forewords, etc.) that Sebeok wrote for other peoples' books, then in Part 2 all the "prologues" that other people wrote for Sebeok.
^See Sebeok, Thomas A. "Communication in Animals and Men." A review article that covers three books: Martin Lindauer, Communication among Social Bees (Harvard Books in Biology, No. 2; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961, pp. ix + 143); Winthrop N. Kellogg, Porpoises and Sonar (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1961, pp. xiv + 177); and John C. Lilly, Man and Dolphin (Garden City, New York: Doubleday), in Language 39 (1963), 448–466.
^For a summary of Peirce's contributions to semiotics, see Liszka (1996) or Atkin (2006).
^"The science of communication studied through the interpretation of signs and symbols as they operate in various fields, esp. language", Oxford English Dictionary (2003)
^Deely, John. 2009. Augustine & Poinsot: The Protosemiotic Development. Scranton: University of Scranton Press. [provides full details of Augustine's originality on the notion of semiotics.]
^Romeo, Luigi. 1977. "The Derivation of 'Semiotics' through the History of the Discipline." Semiosis 6(2):37–49.
^Manetti, Giovanni. 1993 [1987]. Theories of the Sign in Classical Antiquity, translated by C. Richardson. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. [Original: Le teorie del segno nell'antichità classica (1987). Milan: Bompiani.]
^Atkin, Albert, Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri , 编, Peirce's Theory of Signs, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Spring 2023 (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University), 2023 [2023-03-21], (原始内容存档于2023-06-27)
^Fisch, Max H. (1978), "Peirce's General Theory of Signs" in Sight, Sound, and Sense, ed. T. A. Sebeok. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 31–70.
^2001. "Umwelt." Semiotica 134(1). Pp. 125–135. [special issue on "Jakob von Uexküll: A paradigm for biology and semiotics," guest-edited by K. Kull.]
'^Sebeok, Thomas A. 1986. "Communication, Language, and Speech. Evolutionary Considerations." Pp. 10–16 in I Think I Am A Verb. More Contributions to the Doctrine of Signs. New York: Plenum Press. Published lecture. Original lecture title "The Evolution of Communication and the Origin of Language," in International Summer Institute for Semiotic and Structural StudiesColloquium on 'Phylogeny and Ontogeny of Communication Systems (June 1–3, 1984).
^Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1934 [1907] "A Survey of Pragmaticism." P. 473. in The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce 5, edited by C. Hartshorne and P. Weiss. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. [originally titled "Excerpt from "Pragmatism (Editor [3])"]
^Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1977 [1908]. "letter to Lady Welby 23 December 1908" [letter]. Pp. 73–86 in Semiotic and Significs: The Correspondence between C. S. Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby, edited by C. S. Hardwick and J. Cook. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
^Peirce, Charles Sanders. 2009. "Semiosis: The Subject Matter of Semiotic Inquiry." Pp. 26–50 in Basics of Semiotics (5th ed.), edited by J. Deely. Tartu, Estonia: Tartu University Press. See especially pp. 31,38– 41.
^1971, orig. 1938, Writings on the general theory of signs, Mouton, The Hague, The Netherlands
^Jozef Maria Bochenski (1956) Contemporary European Philosophy, trans. Donald Nichols and Karl Ashenbrenner from 1951 edition, Berkeley, CA: University of California, Section 25, "Mathematical Logic," Subsection F, "Semiotics," p. 259.
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