砂拉越海豚

砂拉越海豚
保护状况
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无危（IUCN 3.1）[1]
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 哺乳纲 Mammalia
目： 偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
下目： 鲸下目 Cetacea
科： 海豚科 Delphinidae
属： 弗氏海豚属 Lagenodelphis
Fraser, 1956
种：
砂拉越海豚 L. hosei
二名法
Lagenodelphis hosei
Fraser, 1956[2]

弗氏海豚（学名：Lagenodelphis hosei）为海豚科，主要分布在太平洋深海水域 (600-1000公尺以上) ，但也延伸出没在印度洋和大西洋。多见于热带至亞熱帶海域南北緯30度內海域。[3]


名稱與分類

  • 中文別名：粉嘴鯃、沙漏海豚、關公眉[4]、婆羅洲海豚，简体环境使用砂拉越海豚[5]，繁体则为弗氏海豚[4]。
  • 英文俗名: Fraser＇s dolphin，Sarawak dolphin
  • 最早的頭骨標本蒐集於1895年在馬來西亞砂拉越沙灘，轉交至大英博物館後由1956年的鯨豚類學家Francis Fraser 認為是獨特的種類，但一直到1971年完整標本後才確認，英文俗名紀念分類學者[6]

外型特徵

  • 外型特徵：弗氏海豚的身體短胖，比例上嘴喙短小，背鰭為三角形。粗壯的身形使得背鰭、胸鰭與背鰭的比例顯得相對較小。出生體長約1公尺，成年體長雄約2.6-2.7公尺，體重約210公斤， 上下顎牙齒每側約38-44顆牙齒。[7]
  • 弗氏海豚的體色因性別及年齡而不同，大體而言可將其體色分成深灰色的背側、淺灰色的眼帶與乳白色或粉紅色的腹側，但成年的雄性海豚的顏色較灰暗，且具過眼黑帶 (從眼睛到肛門的黑色帶狀顏色明顯) ，雌性及幼體則體色較亮且無黑帶，是明顯可以區分性別的特徵。

生態習性

  • 食性：弗氏海豚的位內容顯示主要以海洋中層的魚類、甲殼類及頭足類為食，例如燈籠魚科(Myctophidae) 、蝰魚科(Chauliodontidae)及刺蝦科(Oplophoridae)等的動物。因此也偏好出沒在深水域的大陸陡坡區域，通常在離岸較遠的開放性大洋出現。[8]
  • 生活史資料：出生體長100-110公分。日本的研究指出雌性約5-7歲性成熟，體長210-220公分；雄性性成熟較雌性略晚，約7-10歲，體長220-230公分，最長壽的個體為17.5歲的擱淺紀錄 (Amano 1996)。[8]
  • 野外觀察發現，弗氏海豚群體的性別比約1:1，並且由各年齡層的個體組成。日本海域的海豚出生高峰為春季與秋季，南非海域則為夏季。雌海豚懷孕期約12.5個月，生殖間距約2年，生殖策略屬雜交模式。[9]
  • 社會結構與行為： 弗氏海豚經常大群體出現，例如東熱帶太平洋海域的群體組成由100-1000隻個體不等。其行動快速，游泳時常造成水花噴濺，有時遠離船隻，但船隻速度較慢時會船首乘浪(Perrin 1994)。在東熱帶太平洋、墨西哥灣及菲律賓蘇拉海域的弗氏海豚常與瓜頭鯨，短肢領航鯨 或斑海豚..等共游(Dolar 2006)。弗氏海豚的表層肌肉肌紅素濃度高，類似於抹香鯨及北瓶鼻鯨等擅長深潛的鯨豚種類，推測弗氏海豚能潛至600公尺以深處覓食。無實際野外觀察到弗氏海豚的天敵，但幼豚可能會被虎鯨、偽虎鯨及大型鯊魚獵捕。[8]
  • 台灣海域的弗氏海豚：弗氏海豚主要出沒東部海域如宜蘭南部外海、花蓮及台東與綠島蘭嶼，南至墾丁。經常以數百隻的大群體出現，是賞鯨的常見種類之ㄧ。但小群體時行為較害羞對船隻較敏感，當船隻靠近時常改變其原本的活動狀態，改變包括下潛、泳速加快、轉向等行為的增加。台東海域的弗氏海豚多分佈於深水離岸1000-2000公尺的水域，此外根據27隻擱淺與混獲標本的胃內含物資料顯示，弗氏海豚主食海洋中層的頭足類與魚類，特別是褶胸魚科的閃電燭光魚(Polyipnus stereope) 占50.2%，特別常出沒在深海地區 (Wang 2012)。[9]

保育地位

参考文献

  1. ^ Hammond, P.S., Bearzi, G., Bjørge, A., Forney, K., Karczmarski, L., Kasuya, T., Perrin, W.F., Scott, M.D., Wang, J.Y., Wells, R.S. & Wilson, B. Lagenodelphis hosei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008. [2009-02-26]. 
  2. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 弗氏海豚. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-03）. 
  3. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. [2018-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-04）. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 弗氏海豚_生物多樣性資料平台. （原始内容存档于2018-12-30）. 
  5. ^ 王, 丕烈. 中國鯨類. 中國: 化学工业出版社. 2012: 394. ISBN 712212679X. 
  6. ^ Fraser's dolphin. Wikipedia. 2018-02-17 （英语）. 
  7. ^ UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME. FAO_MARINE MAMMALS OF THE WORLD (PDF). FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-06-08）. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Dolar, M.L.L. Fraser’s Dolphin: Lagenodelphis hosei. USA: Academic Press. 2018: 392–395. ISBN 9780128043271. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 弗氏海豚. whaleanddolphin.lym.gov.tw. [2018-12-30]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-10）. 
  10. ^ Kiszka, J. & Braulik, G. Lagenodelphis hosei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. 

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