目标设定理论

目标设定理论(英語:Goal-setting Theory)是一个由美国马里兰大学管理学心理学教授爱德温·洛克(Edwin A. Locke)提出的动机理论。研究发现,外来的刺激,例如奖励、工作反馈、监督压力等,都是通过目标来影响动机的。目标设定理论认为,工作目标的设定会直接影响到工作表现,目标本身就具有激励作用,能把个人的需要转变为动机,使人的行为向特定方向努力,并将自己的行为结果与既定的目标相对照,及时进行调整和修正,从而能实现目标。一个明确、具有挑战性的目标,配合合适的反馈,可以令个人的工作表现获得更大的提升。

目标设定理论的相关研究指出,设定的目标具有以下特性时,会有较好的激励效果。

  1. 目标定义明确(specific):目标的定义包括衡量目标是否达成的标准,完成的时间等。
  2. 目标挑战性适当(challenging):设定的目标具有一定挑战性,但其难度又不超过个人的承受范围,这样的目标可以产生激发潜力的效果,反之,太简单的任务容易让人觉得无聊,太难的工作则让人有挫折感。
  3. 回馈:人们不仅应有目标,更应定期地得到有关这些目标的达成状况。

参看

参考书目

  • Locke, Edwin A. (1968) “Toward a Theory of Task Motivation and Incentives” Organizational behavior and human performance, (3)2: 157-189.
  • Locke, Edwin A. (1996) “Motivation Through Conscious Goal Setting,” Applied and Preventive Psychology, 5:117-124.
  • Locke, Edwin A. (2001) “Motivation by Goal Setting,” Handbook of Organizational Behavior, 2: 43-54.

Read other articles:

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (سبتمبر 2020) هذه قائمة رؤساء مجلس النواب اللبناني منذ إنشائه عام 1922. الميثاق الوطني على الرغم من أن الدستور لا يتطلب ذ�...

 

Name given to many ancient Egyptian texts This article is about several ancient Egyptian books. For other uses, see Book of Thoth (disambiguation). Book of Thoth is a name given to many ancient Egyptian texts supposed to have been written by Thoth, the Egyptian god of writing and knowledge. They include many texts that were claimed to exist by ancient authors and a magical book that appears in an Egyptian work of fiction. Texts that are known or claimed to exist The Egyptians stored many text...

 

Paraguayan politician In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is González and the second or maternal family name is Navero. Emiliano González Navero11th Vice President of ParaguayIn office27 January 1932 – 15 August 1932PresidentJosé Patricio GuggiariPreceded byOffice VacantSucceeded byRaúl Casal RibeiroIn office15 August 1928 – 25 October 1931PresidentJosé Patricio GuggiariPreceded byManuel BurgosSucceeded byOffice VacantIn office25 November...

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut...

 

Angolan footballer Titi Buengo Personal informationFull name André BuengoDate of birth (1980-02-11) 11 February 1980 (age 44)Place of birth Luanda, AngolaHeight 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s) StrikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2000–2001 Olympique Saint-Quentin 31 (7)2001–2002 Wasquehal 18 (3)2002–2003 US Créteil 36 (8)2003–2005 Grenoble 17 (2)2005 Neuchâtel Xamax 12 (1)2005–2006 Clermont Foot 26 (8)2006–2008 Amiens 53 (17)2008–2009 Troyes 27 (11)2009...

 

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Daftar negara menurut benua – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR (Oktober 2021) Berikut adalah daftar negara-negara menurut benua diikuti nama ibu kota dan kota-kota penting di negara-negara te...

1812 Battle during the Peninsular War Battle of García HernándezPart of the Peninsular WarBattle of Garcia Hernandez, 23 July 1812, by Adolf NorthenDate23 July 1812LocationGarcihernández, Spain40°51′37″N 5°25′57″W / 40.86028°N 5.43250°W / 40.86028; -5.43250Result British victoryBelligerents French Empire United KingdomCommanders and leaders Maximilien Foy Eberhardt von BockStrength 4,000 1,770Casualties and losses 1,100-1,600 killed, wounded or captured ...

 

GNT

Brazilian television channel For other uses, see GNT (disambiguation). Television channel GNTCountryBrazilNetworkTV GloboProgrammingPicture format1080i HDTV (downgraded to 16:9 480i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerCanais Globo (Globo)Sister channelsMultishow, Globo News, SporTV, Rede TelecineHistoryLaunched10 November 1991Former namesGNT: Globosat News TelevisionLinksWebsitegnt.globo.com GNT is a Brazilian pay television channel. Originally launched as GNT: Globosat News Television, a news an...

 

Seorang malaikat memberitahukan kelahiran Yesus kepada Maria. (Fra Angelico, awal abad ke-15. Museo di San Marco, Florence). Yesaya 7:14 Seorang perempuan muda mengandung dan akan melahirkan seorang anak laki-laki, dan ia akan menamakan Dia Imanuel Imanuel atau Immanuel adalah sebuah nama yang berasal dari bahasa Ibrani עִמָּנוּאֵל El atau Tuhan beserta kita. Nama ini terdiri dari dua kata Ibrani: אל (El, artinya Tuhan) dan עמנו (Immanu, artinya beserta kita, bersama kita ata...

Синелобый амазон Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКласс:Пт�...

 

American poet, essayist, and sabermetrician Carson Harrington CistulliBorn (1979-12-23) December 23, 1979 (age 44)Concord, New HampshireEra21st-century poetryRegionWestern Poetry, Postmodernism Carson Cistulli (born December 23, 1979) is an American poet, essayist and baseball analyst[1] for the Toronto Blue Jays. His works of poetry include Some Common Weaknesses Illustrated, Assorted Fictions, and A Century of Enthusiasm. Biography Early years Concord, New Hampshire Carson Cist...

 

Capital and most populous city of Baden-Württemberg, Germany This article is about the city in Germany. For other uses, see Stuttgart (disambiguation). Municipality in Baden-Württemberg, GermanyStuttgart Schduagert (Swabian) MunicipalityCastle Square with New PalaceHilly cityscapeOld CastleTV TowerMarquardtbauMount WürttembergKunstgebäudeMarket SquareCannstatt WasenMercedes-Benz Welt FlagCoat of armsLocation within Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart Show map of GermanyStuttgart Show map of...

1993 Major League Baseball All-Star Game 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 R H E National League 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 7 2 American League 0 1 1 0 3 3 0 1 X 9 11 0 DateJuly 13, 1993VenueOriole Park at Camden YardsCityBaltimore, MarylandManagersBobby Cox (ATL)Cito Gaston (TOR)MVPKirby Puckett (MIN)Attendance48,147Ceremonial first pitchAl Kaline, Brooks Robinson and Leon DayTelevisionCBSTV announcersSean McDonough and Tim McCarverRadioCBSRadio announcersJohn Rooney, Jerry Coleman and Johnny Bench ← 1...

 

Chinese politician Not to be confused with Li Xi (politician, born 1962), former Vice Mayor of Kunming. In this Chinese name, the family name is Li. Li Xi李希Li in 2022Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline InspectionIncumbentAssumed office 23 October 2022DeputyLiu Jinguo (First-ranked)General SecretaryXi JinpingPreceded byZhao LejiCommunist Party Secretary of GuangdongIn office28 October 2017 – 28 October 2022DeputyMa Xingrui (Governor)Wang WeizhongGeneral Secret...

 

Brian McDermott Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Brian James McDermottTanggal lahir 8 April 1961 (umur 63)Tempat lahir Slough, Berkshire, InggrisPosisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini Reading (Manajer)Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1978–1984 Arsenal 61 (12)1983 → Fulham (pinjaman) 3 (0)1984 → IFK Norrköping (pinjaman) 17 (5)1984–1987 Oxford United 24 (2)1986 → Huddersfield Town (pinjaman) 4 (1)1987–1988 Cardiff City 51 (8)1988–1990 Exeter City 68 (4)1990–...

Historical region in central Serbia For the region in Bosnia and Herzegovina, see Lijevče Field. Levač (Serbian Cyrillic: Левач) is a historical region in central Serbia. It is located between Juhor mountain on east and Gledićke planine on west.[1] The area is around 366 km2. Levač comprises 32 villages and one town called Rekovac: Bare Belušić Beočić Bogalinac Brajnovac Cikot Dulene Dobroselica Dragovo Kalenić Kaludra Kavadar Komarane Lepojević Loćika Lomnica Mal...

 

American actor (born 1974) Joaquin PhoenixPhoenix at the 2018 BerlinaleBornJoaquin Rafael Bottom (1974-10-28) October 28, 1974 (age 49)San Juan, Puerto RicoNationalityAmericanOther namesLeaf PhoenixOccupationsActorproduceractivistYears active1982–presentWorksFilmographyPartnerRooney Mara (2016–present)Children1ParentArlyn Phoenix (mother)RelativesRiver Phoenix (brother)Rain Phoenix (sister)Liberty Phoenix (sister)Summer Phoenix (sister)AwardsFull list Joaquin Rafael Phoenix...

 

Ethnic group Ethnic group Ukrainians in PolandKyivan Rus Foundation of St. Volodymyr in Kraków with courtyard patio of a fine dining restaurantTotal population5,400,000+ (2022)[1]Regions with significant populationsCentral: Warsaw; north east: Olsztyn, Elbląg; north west: Szczecin, Słupsk, Koszalin; south west: Legnica and Wrocław; south east: Lublin and RzeszowLanguagesUkrainian, Russian, Polish, RusynReligionOrthodox Christianity, Greek CatholicismRelated ethnic groupsUkrainians...

Untuk halte Koridor 14, lihat Halte Transjakarta Tanah Tinggi. Stasiun Tanah Tinggi T10 KRL Commuter Line seri JR-205 tujuan Stasiun Duri tiba di Stasiun Tanah TinggiLokasiJalan Benteng BetawiTanah Tinggi, Tangerang, Tangerang, Banten 15119IndonesiaKoordinat6°10′17″S 106°38′57″E / 6.17139°S 106.64917°E / -6.17139; 106.64917Koordinat: 6°10′17″S 106°38′57″E / 6.17139°S 106.64917°E / -6.17139; 106.64917Ketinggian+11 mOperato...

 

奥林匹克运动会拉脱维亚代表團拉脱维亚国旗IOC編碼LATNOC拉脫維亞奧林匹克委員會網站www.olimpiade.lv(拉脱维亚文)历届奥林匹克运动会参赛记录(总结)夏季奥林匹克运动会19241928193219361948–1988199219962000200420082012201620202024冬季奥林匹克运动会19241928193219361948–1988199219941998200220062010201420182022其他相关赛事参赛记录 俄罗斯帝国(1900年-1912年) 苏联(1952年-1988年) 拉�...