留数

复分析中,留数是一个正比于一个亚纯函数某一奇点周围的路径积分的复数。(更一般地,对于任何除去离散点集{ak}之外全纯的函数都可以计算其留数,即便是离散点集中含有本质奇点)留数可以是很容易计算的,一旦知道了留数,就可以通过留数定理来计算更复杂的路径积分。

定义

亚纯函数孤立奇点的留数,通常记为,是使穿孔圆盘内具有解析原函数的唯一值

另外,留数也可以通过求出洛朗级数展开式来计算,并且可以将留数定义为洛朗级数的系数a-1。

留数的定义可以拓展到任意黎曼曲面上。

例子

作为例子,考虑以下的路径积分

其中C是围绕原点的任意(正向)简单闭曲线

我们来计算这个积分,不用任何标准的积分定理。现在,ez泰勒级数是众所周知的,我们可以把这个级数代入被积表达式中。则积分变为:

我们把1/z5的项乘进级数中,便得到:

现在,积分便化为更简单的形式。由于:

因此任何不是形式的项都变成了零,那么积分变为:

就是z = 0的留数,记为:

留数的计算

设复平面内有一穿孔圆盘f是定义在D内的一个全纯函数fc的留数Res(f, c)是罗朗级数展开式的(zc)−1项的系数a−1。计算留数的值的方法有很多,具体采用那种方法取决于题目中的函数,以及奇点的性质。

根据柯西积分公式,我们有:

其中γ是逆时针绕着c的一条闭曲线。我们可以选择γ为绕着c的一个圆,它的半径可以任意地小。

可去奇点

如果函数f在整个圆盘内可以延拓全纯函数,则Res(f, c) = 0。反过来不总成立。

一阶极点

在一阶极点,留数由以下公式给出:

ghc的一个邻域内是全纯函数,h(c) = 0而g(c) ≠ 0,那么函数f(z)=g(z)/h(z)在极点c的留数为:

较高阶极点的极限公式

更一般地,fz = c的留数,其中cn阶极点,由以下公式给出:

以上的公式对于计算低阶极点的留数是十分有用的。对于较高阶的极点,则级数展开式更加容易一些。

无穷远点的留数

一般地,无穷远点的留数是指:

.

如果满足下面的条件:

,

则可以用下面的公式计算无穷远点的留数

.

如果不满足,即

,

无穷远点的留数为:

.

级数方法

如果函数的一部分或全部可以展开为泰勒级数洛朗级数,则留数的计算比用其它的方法要容易得多。

1. 第一个例子,计算以下函数在奇点的留数:

它可以用来计算一定的路径积分。这个函数表面上在z = 0处具有奇点,但如果把分母因式分解,而把函数写成:

则显然z = 0是可去奇点,因此z = 0处的留数为零。

唯一一个另外的奇点是z = 1。函数g(z)在z = a的泰勒级数为:

因此,对于g(z) = sin za = 1,我们有:

对于g(z) = 1/za = 1,我们有:

把两个级数相乘,并除以(z − 1),便得:

因此f(z)在z = 1的留数为sin 1。

2. 接下来的例子展示了运用级数展开来求留数,拉格朗日反演定理在这里发挥了重要作用。令

为一个整函数,并令

参见

参考文献

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