浏览器引擎

提示：此条目的主题不是JavaScript引擎。
HTML
比较

浏览器引擎（browser engine），也稱為排版引擎（layout engine）、页面渲染引擎（rendering engine）或樣版引擎，它是一種軟體元件，负责取得標記式内容（如HTML、XML及图像檔案等等）、整理資訊（如CSS及XSL等），並將排版後的内容輸出至顯示器或印表機。所有网页浏览器、电子邮件客户端、電子閱讀器以及其它需要根據表示性的標記語言（Presentational markup）來显示内容的应用程序都需要排版引擎。

在Mozilla将其Gecko排版引擎作为独立于浏览器的一个配件之后，「排版引擎」这个词汇才被广泛使用[1]。也就是说，除了Mozilla浏览器，其它浏览器也可以使用Gecko作自己排版引擎。

布局与渲染

网页的布局（英语：layout (computing)）通常由层叠样式表（CSS）指定。每个样式表都是一系列关于页面呈现方式的规则。例如，一些规则指定排版细节，如字型、颜色和文本大小，而另一些规则则确定图像的位置。引擎会组合所有相关的CSS规则，以计算出将在屏幕上绘制的视觉表示的精确图形坐标。[2][3]

一些引擎可能会在页面资源下载完成之前就开始渲染。随着接收到更多数据，这可能会导致视觉变化，例如出现逐渐载入的图像或无样式内容闪烁（英语：flash of unstyled content）。[4]

著名的引擎

Mozilla開放原始碼專案的網頁瀏覽器引擎Gecko，被Mozilla代碼庫中的各種產品所使用，其中包括Firefox網頁瀏覽器、Thunderbird電子郵件客戶端和SeaMonkey網路套件[5]。Goanna是Gecko的一個分支[6]。

KDE的開放原始碼KHTML引擎在KDE的Konqueror網頁瀏覽器使用，後來成為WebKit的基礎，WebKit是Apple Safari和早期Google Chrome網頁瀏覽器的引擎[7]。

Google最初使用WebKit用於Chrome瀏覽器，但最終將其分支為自行建構的Blink引擎[8]。所有以Chromium為基礎的瀏覽器都使用Blink，使用CEF，Electron或任何其他Chromium嵌入式框架構建的應用程式也是如此。

Internet Explorer的網頁瀏覽器引擎Trident，被Microsoft Windows平台的許多應用程式如Outlook Express、某些版本的Microsoft Outlook和Winamp、RealPlayer中的迷你瀏覽器所使用。Trident已經被EdgeHTML所取代，2019年EdgeHTML被Blink取代[9][10]。

Opera軟體公司的專有的Presto引擎被授權給其他許多軟體供應商，也在Opera瀏覽器所使用，直到2013年被Blink取代[11]。

時間軸

以下列出引擎仍持續依循網頁標準更新的軟體開發活躍期間。

参考文献

  1. ^ nglayout project: identity crisis. Mozilla.org. [2012-10-31]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-29）. 
  2. ^ Behind the scenes of modern web browsers. Tali Garsiel. [21 April 2018]. 
  3. ^ How Blink Works. Google. [12 March 2024]. 
  4. ^ Boudreaux, Ryan. How to prevent Flash of Unstyled Content on your websites. TechRepublic. October 18, 2013 [2021-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05） （英语）. 
  5. ^ Gecko. Mozilla. [2018-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-04）. 
  6. ^ Introducing Goanna. M.C. Straver. 2015-06-22 [2018-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-11）. 
  7. ^ Paul Festa. Apple snub stings Mozilla. CNET Networks. 2003-01-14 [2017-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）. 
  8. ^ Bright, Peter. Google going its own way, forking WebKit rendering engine. Ars Technica. Conde Nast. April 3, 2013 [March 9, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-21）. 
  9. ^ Belfiore, Joe, Microsoft Edge: Making the web better through more open source collaboration, Microsoft, 2018-12-06 [2019-11-16], （原始内容存档于2021-04-13） 
  10. ^ Microsoft Edge and Chromium Open Source: Our Intent. Microsoft Edge Team. 6 December 2018 [8 December 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-08）. 
  11. ^ Opera confirms it will follow Google and ditch WebKit for Blink, as part of its commitment to Chromium. thenextweb. 2013-04-04 [2019-11-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）. 

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