法倫

法伦大铜山矿区
世界遗产
法伦大铜山矿区
官方名稱Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun(英文)
Zone d'exploitation minière de la grande montagne de cuivre de Falun(法文)
位置瑞典
標準文化:(ii)(iii)(v)
登录年份2001年(第25屆會議

法倫瑞典語Falun),是一個位於瑞典中部的城市,也是法伦市镇達拉納省的首府,人口至2010年為止約有37,291人[1]。地理位置是北纬60°36',东经15°38'。

此地最早是因出铜矿而闻名,直至今日它仍然是相当重要的工业城市,即使矿坑已于1992年关闭。

法伦镇被一条「法伦河」切分为两区,河的一边为法鲁(Falu)铜矿坑,此矿坑有数个世纪是瑞典的主要经济来源之一,矿坑所在区域被人们称为「矿的一边」,该区土壤因受到有毒气体的影响而长不出植物;河的另一边则因未受到有毒气体的影响,且树立着许多栋美丽的大型villa,而被称为「快乐的一边」。法伦镇中心还有许多具古典美的街道和商店,该镇还曾于1998年获颁瑞典城市中心奖。

2001年,该镇的铜矿区被列为世界遗产,意味着该镇在人类历史上具有特殊意义;瑞典达拉纳大学(Dalarna)有一个校区在此镇,约有18,000名学生;另外此镇还有一个世界级的滑冰体育馆,曾多次承办世界滑冰竞赛,2015年也将再举办。

历史

法伦及其附近地区从11世纪开始就有开采矿的历史了[2],法伦是从采矿业开始发展起来的。一开始开采铜矿的是当地的农民。从14世纪开始在法伦河下游定期有市场开办,围绕着这个市场逐渐形成了一个小居民点。

随着矿山的意义的不断提高,这个居民点不断扩大。1641年法伦获得城市特权,此时它大约有6,000居民,是瑞典最大的城市之一。当时的法伦铜矿山出产约全世界2/3的铜,但是整个矿山的开采毫无计划,1687年矿山大部分倒塌,造成一个近100公尺深的坑洞[3]。这是这个矿山辉煌时代结束的开始,矿山开始没落。

当时的城市主要是木结构的房屋,1761年的两场大火摧毁了整个城市的2/3。城市重建时重要的建筑改为石造的。但与此同时城市人口不断减少,1850年左右市内仅有4000居民。

铁路的修建为法伦带来了复兴。市内开始建立工厂。20世纪里法轮逐渐演化为一个管理和教育中心,而传统的矿山终于停止开采了。1992年最后一个矿井被关闭。

20世纪中市中心被重新布局,一些老建筑受到保护。三个从17世纪留下来的、未被大火摧毁的工人居住区、矿山周围的工业区和矿山留下来的矿工文化于2001年被设定为世界遗产

气候

法伦镇被归类为大陆型副极地气候(柯本气候分类法)。该地平均而言,最冷月为1月,平均最低温度可达−11 °C (12.2 °F)。冬季是一年中最长的季节,大约从11月中旬持续到隔年4月底[4];平均最高温度可达22 °C (71.6 °F),7月是最热的月份。降水最多月份是7月和8月。该镇有记录以来的最低温度是−40 °C (−40.0 °F)[5]

Falun
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
平均高温 °C(°F) −3
(27)
−2
(28)
3
(37)
9
(48)
16
(61)
20
(68)
22
(72)
20
(68)
15
(59)
9
(48)
3
(37)
0
(32)
9
(48)
日均气温 °C(°F) −7
(19)
−6
(21)
−3
(27)
4
(39)
10
(50)
14
(57)
17
(63)
15
(59)
11
(52)
6
(43)
1
(34)
−3
(27)
4.8
(40.6)
平均低温 °C(°F) −11
(12)
−10
(14)
−8
(18)
−2
(28)
4
(39)
8
(46)
11
(52)
10
(50)
6
(43)
2
(36)
−2
(28)
−6
(21)
0
(32)
平均降水量 mm(英寸) 36
(1.4)
24
(0.9)
20
(0.8)
31
(1.2)
40
(1.6)
59
(2.3)
73
(2.9)
83
(3.3)
59
(2.3)
45
(1.8)
50
(2.0)
41
(1.6)
561
(22.1)
平均降水天数(≥ 0.1mm) 14 12 9 11 10 13 14 14 13 14 16 17 157
平均相對濕度(%) 82 75 63 55 49 54 57 62 67 73 82 80 66
数据来源:Climate & Temperature[6]

经济

法伦今天主要是一个服务工业的中心,市内有许多管理机构,達拉納大学的一些研究所也在这里,此外旅游业也非常重要。主要旅游点有矿山、滑雪中心和附近的桑德波恩村,那里是画家卡爾·拉森的家乡。

趣闻

据《华尔街日报》2013年2月13日报导,一名在中国经商的商人伯格曼(Fredrik Bergman)发现,他的一名瑞典客户试图发送文件到他的公司总部,但每次网络连接都会中断1小时左右[7]。几星期后,他发现这份文件包含瑞典小镇「Falun」的名字,这是该客户工作的地方。伯格曼说,他的公司认为,这个名字触发了中国网路审查的过滤器以阻断讨论法轮功(Falun Gong),一个在中国长期被禁止的宗教团体[7]。当他们把文件改名字之后,文件传送就很顺利了[7]

名人

姐妹城市

參考文獻

  1. ^ Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010. 瑞典统计局. 14 December 2011 [2013-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2012年1月10日) (瑞典语). 
  2. ^ 存档副本. [2008-12-29]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-20). 
  3. ^ History of Falun Mine. [2013-05-25]. [永久失效連結]
  4. ^ 存档副本. [2012-04-17]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-04). 
  5. ^ 存档副本. [2013-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2012-01-19). 
  6. ^ Falun Climate Information. Climate & Temperature Information. [2011-11-30]. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 PAUL MOZUR and CARLOS TEJADA. China's 'Wall' Hits Business. THE WALL STREET JUORNAL. 2013-02-13 [2013-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2013-09-10). 

外部連結

Read other articles:

Greggio commune di Italia Tempat categoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatItaliaRegion di ItaliaPiedmontProvinsi di ItaliaProvinsi Vercelli NegaraItalia Ibu kotaGreggio PendudukTotal317  (2023 )GeografiLuas wilayah11,88 km² [convert: unit tak dikenal]Ketinggian161 m Berbatasan denganAlbano Vercellese Arborio Recetto San Nazzaro Sesia Villarboit SejarahSanto pelindungCyricus and Julitta (en) Informasi tambahanKode pos13030 Zona waktuUTC+1 UTC+2 Kode telepon0161 ID I...

 

Dieser Artikel bedarf einer grundsätzlichen Überarbeitung: Mit zu wenig Distanz verfasst. Bitte hilf mit, ihn zu verbessern, und entferne anschließend diese Markierung. Burg Neuscharfeneck Staat Deutschland Ort Flemlingen (Waldgemarkung) Entstehungszeit unsicher: um 1300 Burgentyp Höhenburg Erhaltungszustand Ruine Ständische Stellung Ministerialen Geographische Lage 49° 15′ N, 8° 1′ O49.2525858.021251499Koordinaten: 49° 15′ 9,3″ N, ...

 

American TV series or program DragonflyTVCreated byDr. Richard HudsonStarringEric Artell, Michael Brandon Battle, and Mariko NakasoneCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons7No. of episodes72ProductionRunning time30 minutesProduction companyTwin Cities Public TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkPBS Kids (2002–2004)PBS Kids Go! (2004–2010)Broadcast syndicationReleaseJanuary 19, 2002 (2002-01-19) –December 20, 2008 (2008-12-20) DragonflyTV is an Am...

Village in Maharashtra This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2018) Village in Maharashtra, IndiaKondhejvillageCountry IndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictSolapur districtLanguages • OfficialMarathiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST) Kondhej is a village in the Karmala taluka of Solapur district in Maharashtra state, India. Demographics Covering 941 hectares (2,330 a...

 

New York City Subway station in Queens New York City Subway station in Queens, New York 63 Drive–Rego Park ​ New York City Subway station (rapid transit)View of northbound platformStation statisticsAddress63rd Drive & Queens BoulevardRego Park, NY 11374BoroughQueensLocaleRego ParkCoordinates40°43′48″N 73°51′43″W / 40.73°N 73.862°W / 40.73; -73.862DivisionB (IND)[1]LineIND Queens Boulevard LineServices   E  (late...

 

Artikel atau sebagian dari artikel ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari Yang Shangkun di en.wikipedia.org. Isinya masih belum akurat, karena bagian yang diterjemahkan masih perlu diperhalus dan disempurnakan. Jika Anda menguasai bahasa aslinya, harap pertimbangkan untuk menelusuri referensinya dan menyempurnakan terjemahan ini. Anda juga dapat ikut bergotong royong pada ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan. (Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika terjemahan dirasa sudah cukup tepat. Lihat pula: panduan penerjemah...

Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener (29 September 1813  –  30 Oktober 1891) adalah seorang pakar kritik teks Perjanjian Baru asal Britania Raya yang penting dan anggota dari Komisi Revisi Perjanjian Baru Bahasa Inggris yang menghasilkan Alkitab bahasa Inggris Versi Revisi. Ia merupakan seorang prebendary di Exeter, dan vicar di Hendon. Karier Setelah lulus dari Trinity College, Cambridge pada tahun 1835 sesudah belajar di Southwark,[1] ia menjadi guru mata pelajaran Kla...

 

American football player (born 1985) American football player Corey GrahamGraham with the Chicago Bears in 2011No. 20, 21, 24Position:SafetyPersonal informationBorn: (1985-07-25) July 25, 1985 (age 38)Buffalo, New York, U.S.Height:6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight:196 lb (89 kg)Career informationHigh school:Turner-Carroll(Buffalo, New York)College:New HampshireNFL draft:2007 / Round: 5 / Pick: 168Career history Chicago Bears (2007–2011) Baltimore Rav...

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento nobili tedeschi non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Guglielmo IV di Orange-NassauJoseph Aved, ritratto di Guglielmo IV di Orange-Nassau, 1751. L'Aia, Mauritshuis.Principe di Orange-NassauStemma In carica1º settembre 1711 –22 ottobre 1751 PredecessoreGiovanni Guglielmo Friso SuccessoreGuglielmo V &#...

Structure formed by double-stranded molecules Double helix redirects here. For other uses, see Double helix (disambiguation). Two complementary regions of nucleic acid molecules will bind and form a double helical structure held together by base pairs. In molecular biology, the term double helix[1] refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA. The double helical structure of a nucleic acid complex arises as a consequence of its secondary str...

 

Nyhavn 9The house seen from the other side of the canalGeneral informationLocationCopenhagen, DenmarkCoordinates55°40′50.76″N 12°35′19.4″E / 55.6807667°N 12.588722°E / 55.6807667; 12.588722Completed1681 Nyhavn 9 is a historic townhouse overlooking the Nyhavn Canal in central Copenhagen, Denmark. It dates back to the 17th century and is one of few buildings along the canal that was not heightened in the 19th century. The building was listed on the Danish Reg...

 

تحتاج هذه المقالة كاملةً أو أجزاءً منها لإعادة الكتابة حسبَ أسلوب ويكيبيديا. فضلًا، ساهم بإعادة كتابتها لتتوافق معه. (أبريل 2019)   هذه المقالة عن عن مضاد حيوي وليس عن المجموعة التي ينتمي إليها. لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع تتراسيكلينات. تيتراسايكلن تداخل دوائي وارفارين،  وتريت�...

American football player (born 1963) For other people named Bruce Smith, see Bruce Smith (disambiguation). American football player Bruce SmithSmith in 2011No. 78Position:Defensive endPersonal informationBorn: (1963-06-18) June 18, 1963 (age 60)Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.Height:6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)Weight:262 lb (119 kg)Career informationHigh school:Booker T. Washington (Norfolk, Virginia)College:Virginia Tech (1981–1984)NFL draft:1985 / Round: 1 / Pick...

 

Valley in Washington, United States of America This article is about the region in the U.S. state of Washington. For the park in British Columbia, Canada, see Skagit Valley Provincial Park. Tulips on a farm on the Skagit River delta View west of the Skagit River Valley at Concrete (below center) Skagit Valley between Rockport and Concrete seen from Sauk Mountain The Skagit Valley lies in the northwestern corner of the state of Washington, United States. Its defining feature is the Skagit Rive...

 

Криптоармяне Численность 27 000 000 чел.[1] Расселение Турция Язык турецкий, курдский и западноармянский Религия суннизм и алевиты Входит в Армяне Родственные народы Армяне, Амшенцы, Черкесогаи Криптоармяне, или скрытые армяне (арм. Ծպտեալ հայեր), — у�...

1931 film CarnivalDirected byHerbert WilcoxWritten byDonald MacardleProduced byHarley KnolesHerbert WilcoxStarringMatheson LangJoseph SchildkrautKay HammondChili BouchierCinematographyFreddie YoungJack ParkerEdited byMaclean RogersProductioncompanyBritish & Dominions Film CorporationRelease date 30 October 1931 (1931-10-30) Running time88 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Carnival is a 1931 British drama film in black and white with colour sequences directed by He...

 

Suicide Social aspects ACEs Altruistic Bullying Copycat Dysfunctional family Epidemic Identity performance Legislation Philosophy Religious views Right to die School bullying Shame Social isolation Social media and suicide Social rejection Social support Toxic workplace Voluntary euthanasia Workplace bullying Crisis Assessment of risk Crisis hotline (list) Intervention Prevention Suicide attempt Suicide watch Types Assisted Bullying and suicide (list) Copycat Familicide Forced Honor Jauhar M...

 

2022 film by Gina Prince-Bythewood For other uses, see Woman king (disambiguation). The Woman KingTheatrical release posterDirected byGina Prince-BythewoodScreenplay byDana StevensStory by Maria Bello Dana Stevens Produced by Cathy Schulman Viola Davis Julius Tennon Maria Bello Starring Viola Davis Thuso Mbedu Lashana Lynch Sheila Atim Hero Fiennes Tiffin John Boyega CinematographyPolly MorganEdited byTerilyn A. ShropshireMusic byTerence BlanchardProductioncompanies TriStar Pictures Entertain...

Direct broadcast digital satellite television and radio service in the United Kingdom This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Real Digital – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Real Digital TV LimitedDefunctSeptember 2020HeadquartersLondon, England, United KingdomArea servedUnited Ki...

 

Ancient Paeonian tribeThis article is about the Thracian tribe. For the river in European Turkey, see Ergene. Paeonia, tribes and environs The Agrianes (Ancient Greek: Ἀγρίανες, Agrianes or Ἀγρίαι Agriai) or Agrianians, were a tribe whose country was centered at Upper Strymon, in present-day central Western Bulgaria as well as southeasternmost Serbia, at the time situated north of the Dentheletae. Per Strabo the source of the river Strymon was within Agrianes' territory. In th...