Το 394 π.Χ. ανακατασκευάζονται τα τείχη από τον Κόνωνα. Το 322 π.Χ., οι Αθηναίοι αποκηρύσσουν τη Μακεδονική κυριαρχία αλλά ηττώνται και εγκαθίσταται στη Μουνιχία φρουρά. Το 307 π.Χ. δίδεται στον Δημήτριο τον Πολιορκητή ο Πειραιάς για να δοθεί το 251 π.Χ. ξανά έναντι 150 ταλάντων με πρωτοβουλία του Αράτου. Το 146 π.Χ., μετά τη Μάχη της Λευκόπετρας, ολόκληρη η Ελλάδα κυριαρχείται από τους Ρωμαίους. Το 86 π.Χ. οι κάτοικοι εξεγείρονται και ο Σύλλας πυρπολεί την Αττική. Το 67 π.Χ. ο Πομπήιος κατασκευάζει υποδομές στον Πειραιά και τον προστατεύει από την πειρατεία. Το 176 μ.Χ. κατασκευάζονται υποτυπώδεις υποδομές στο λιμάνι οι οποίες το οδηγούν σε στοιχειώδη ανάπτυξη. Το 267 μ.Χ. οι Έρουλοι ισοπεδώνουν ολόκληρο το λεκανοπέδιο και το λιμάνι εγκαταλείπεται.
The Port of Piraeus has two car terminals of approximately 190,000 m2, storage capacity of 12,000 cars and a transshipment capacity of 670,000 units per year.[38]
In 2017 the automobile terminal handled 430,000 automobiles, 100,000 for the local market and 330,000 transhipments.[39]
The Port of Piraeus is the largest passenger port in Europe and one of the largest passenger ports in the world. It has a total quay length of 2.8 km and draft of up
to 11 m. Vehicle traffic reaches 2.5m while in 2017, passenger traffic reached 15.5m.[39]
Total cruise traffic in 2019 was 1,098,091 passengers, compared with 961,632 in 2018, a 14.2% increase. Ferry Shipping News attributes this significant increase to "PPA SA’s outward focus and dedication to cruise attraction policy coupled with increased demand for cruises in the eastern Mediterranean".[40]
About a third of cruise sailings in Piraeus are home ported in Piraeus. In 2018, there were 524 ship arrivals, while there were 622 in 2019.[40]
Piraeus Cruise Port has 11 vessel berths, with a total quay length of 2,800 meters. It can dock vessels with a draft of 11 meters. Each berth has environmental/waste services available. PPA operates three cruise terminals, "A", "B", and "C" . Its security is International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS) compliant.[41]
Terminal A is the main terminal and is open 24 hours. It is within walking distance of the center of the Municipality of Piraeus. It can handle 1,200 passengers an hour. Two medium-sized ships can check in simultaneously. Terminal B was built in 2013 which can handle mega cruise ships, with a draft up to 11 meters. It has the same amenities as Terminal A; however there is space for 120 tour buses, and it can handle 1500 passengers an hour. Terminal C is the smallest. It was built in 2003, but expanded in 2016. It can handle 700 passengers an hour, and features customs and a check in/departure hall. Free shuttle bus service is offered to bring passengers to the other terminals (to exit/enter the port).[41]
For the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, 13 cruise ships were docked in Piraeus to serve as floating hotels.[42]
Piraeus consistently ranks in the top-10 cruise destinations in Europe and the Mediterranean. Piraeus has been the top cruise destination in Greece for the tenth consecutive year, beating Santorini, Mykonos, Rhodes, and Crete.[43] In 2019 the port was awarded "Best Cruise Port in the Eastern Mediterranean Region" from MedCruise.
For air quality monitoring, the port partnered with the National Technical University of Athens School of Chemical Engineers. An air quality monitoring station was installed to take measurements of BTEX, CO, NOx, SO2, O3, and PM2.5 and PM10, 24 hours a day. PPA has also collaborated with the Agricultural University of Athens to enhance the greenery around the port for aesthetic purposes, as well as to remove pollutants from the air.[48] The purposes of the monitoring initiatives so far has just been for data collection.
In 2004 for the Athens Olympic Games, a permanent sewage network was built for the cruise ships that were docked in Piraeus as floating hotels.[47] The sewage travels to the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Athens.[47] This development allows all cruise ships to be able to discharge sewage at the port.
PPA is a member of EcoPorts. As part of EcoPorts, the port has been continuously Port Environmental Review System (PERS) certified since 2004.[49] PERS is a standard for port environmental management. One of the requirements of EcoPorts is an environmental management system.[50] The port has an oil and Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS) contingency plan.[51] In 2016, PPA was independently tested to make sure pollution levels were within legal limits, which they were.
The port is currently looking into LNG as a bunker fuel, as well as cold ironing for the cruise terminals.[52] It is also conducting a CO2 footprint assessment. A green roof was installed on the top of one of the new container terminal buildings.[48]