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武裝力量(英語:armed forces),又譯武装部队,意為在政府支持下,一個國家拥有武器兵力组织性力量[1]。武装力量與軍隊military)經常被認為是同義詞,但严格意义上来说,這兩者間仍有所不同:武裝力量除了正規軍隊之外,還包括了非正規的準軍事部隊民兵等。武装力量主要是作為一个国家社会安全保障、领土主权保卫、政权统治机器稳定运行的存在。對於武裝力量的研究,稱為軍事學。社会主义国家的武装力量完全由党掌控[2]

軍隊

一個國家政府聯盟的正規的武装力量一般稱為「軍隊」,但不是所有武装力量皆為軍隊地位,例如擁有完全軍事化日本自衛隊名稱上,不被界定為軍隊。

军队是一种为执行各種任务而组建的武力集团。一个國家軍隊通常包括三軍,並在軍人之中劃有軍官士官士兵軍階。軍隊可以利用國家義務役或者征兵來補充兵源,而且十分穩定。軍隊亦有國家資源作補給,繼以發展軍工科技,以致利用各種現代先進武器。這是非正規軍的游擊隊之類的其餘武裝力量不能相比。现代国家的軍隊通常大多由陆军(或包含憲兵)、海军(或包含海军陸戰隊)、空军(或包含防空部隊)等组成,有些还包括战略导弹部队、太空部队、电子战部队。

一般从存在的理由看,軍隊的首要任务是防守國土,其次是國力宣示,再次為進攻他國。按照马列主义的观点,國家的武裝力量,由国家统治阶级建立、维持和控制。对内用以维护统治阶级的利益,对外有震慑敵国、保卫领土、对外延伸、擴張殖民的作用。今日世界局勢較為和平,不常參戰的國家或地區,其軍隊通常肩負守備保安、與災難的救援行動。

其他武装力量

不僅是軍隊,其他如游擊隊恐怖分子準軍事組織、保安部隊等擁有武器力的組織,也是武装力量。但通常此類武力由於政治外交法律因素或其他原因與禁忌,并不稱為军队,而是采用「自衛隊」、「游擊隊」、「治安隊」、「防備團」、「巡守團」、「志願軍」、「武裝組織」、「解放團體」等非正規的名稱,實際上它依然可以具有正規軍隊所具備的武器力與戰鬥能力,而類似軍隊軍事性组织[3]

法律

参考文献

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