桃金孃科

桃金娘科
化石时期:22–0 Ma
中新世早期至現在
香桃木Myrtus communis)的花葉
科学分类 编辑
界: 植物界 Plantae
演化支 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目: 桃金娘目 Myrtales
科: 桃金娘科 Myrtaceae
Juss.[1]
模式属
香桃木属
Myrtus
L., 1753
亚科

約130個屬,詳見內文

異名
  • Baeckeaceae
  • Chamelauciaceae
  • Eugeniaceae
  • Heteropyxidaceae
  • Kaniaceae
  • Leptospermaceae
  • Melaleucaceae
  • Myrrhiniaceae
  • Psiloxylaceae
Pimenta dioica

桃金孃科(学名:Myrtaceae)是桃金娘目之下的一個真双子叶植物有100,3000余,多样性中心位於澳洲美洲热带亚热带地区,台灣广东广西以及印度等地的氣候也適合其生長。中国大陆原产8属,引种了5属,共约136种。臺灣有9屬30種。

本科常见或重要的物种包括桉树桃金娘番石榴蓮霧蒲桃丁子香千層樹斐濟果香桃木等。

形态

常绿灌木乔木树皮常呈斑驳状,随着植株生长整片剥落。对生或互生,单叶,多全缘,有边脉,没有托叶;叶面常布有透明的油腺斑点,叶片揉碎后有类似樟树的气味,產生的油脂可用來製作精油

单生,簇生,或排列为聚伞花序总状花序或瓶刷状结构。 花两性,常辐射对称,具有发达的被丝托萼片和花瓣常为4或5基数,花瓣可呈白色、黄色、红色或粉色。雄蕊多如睫毛,极少情况下小于10枚,分离或成数束,花絲細長柔。子房常为下位,一至多室,胚珠的排列方式常为中轴胎座,仅一枚花柱柱头;果实为肉质的浆果或木质、成熟时开裂的蒴果。种子多无胚乳[2]

分類

历史

本科物種早期被二分為两个亚科,即果实干质、叶片多螺旋互生、澳大拉西亚分布的细籽亚科(Leptospermoideae;约80属)以及果实肉质、叶片多全缘对生、全球热带及亚热带分布的桃金娘亚科(Myrtoideae;约75)。但這種分類法受到質疑。1984年,Johnson和Briggs仅用形态性状所建的系统发生树将桃金孃科分成14個支系,并以此将本科分为14个族,还發現传统定义下的桃金娘亚科為多系群[3]

21世纪初期较为常用的一套分类体系由Wilson等人于2001年提出[4],基于的是对叶绿体基因的系统发生分析。Wilson等人发现传统分类下的两个亚科均不符合现代系统分类学所规定的类群单系原则,因而将上述的二亚科系统其推翻,但保留了亚科级别以下的数个小单系类群的名称。截至2008年,多組學者通过基于DNA多次印证二亚科系统无法准确地反应该科的演化历史,并推论该科中浆果型的肉质果实曾两次独立从具干质蒴果的祖先演化而来。

近期的分類法把本科物種分為裸木亚科(Psiloxyloideae)及桃金娘亚科(Myrtoideae)兩個亞科,然後再細分為17個族[5]。不過由於每年都由被劃歸本科的新物種的發現,這些新發現都可能會對現時的分類造成衝擊。

系统

根據Wilson (2011)[6],本科物種可作如下分類:

裸木亚科 Psiloxyloideae

桃金娘亚科 Myrtoideae

屬列表

本科包括以下属:

蟲害

桃金娘科植物是许多无刺蜜蜂的食物,尤其是从这种植物科采集花粉的双色蜜环蜂英语Melipona bicolor[8]

參考文獻

  1. ^ THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2009-10, 161 (2): 105–121 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. (原始内容存档于2017-07-23) (英语). 
  2. ^ Myrtaceae Juss. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science. Plants of the World Online. [2024-09-12]. (原始内容存档于2024-03-02) (英语). 
  3. ^ Johnson, L. A. S.; Briggs, B. G. Myrtales and Myrtaceae-A Phylogenetic Analysis. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1984, 71 (3): 700 [2021-09-26]. doi:10.2307/2399159. (原始内容存档于2021-09-26). 
  4. ^ Wilson, Peter G.; O'Brien, Marcelle M.; Gadek, Paul A.; Quinn, Christopher J. Myrtaceae revisited: a reassessment of infrafamilial groups. American Journal of Botany. 2001-11, 88 (11): 2013–2025. doi:10.2307/3558428. 
  5. ^ Wilson, P. G.; O’Brien, M. M.; Heslewood, M. M.; Quinn, C. J. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution英语Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2005-03, 251 (1): 3–19. ISSN 0378-2697. doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0162-y (英语). 
  6. ^ Wilson, Peter G. Myrtaceae. Kubitzki, Klaus (编). Flowering Plants. Eudicots. X. Sapindales, Cucurbitales, Myrtaceae. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2014. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-39417-1 (英语). 
  7. ^ João Marcelo Alvarenga Braga, Diego Ferreira da Silva, Eugenio Arantes de Melo, Hélio Caixeta Tiburcio, Adelício Pereira da Silva, Rodrigo Borges Ferreira, Marco Túlio Côrtes de Lacerda and Harri Lorenzi. 2024. Guapurium caipirinha (Myrtaceae), A New Species of jaboticaba from Brazil with pentamerous flowers. Phytotaxa. 652(3); 217-226. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.652.3.3
  8. ^ Hilario, S.D.; Imperatriz-Fonseca, V.L. Pollen foraging in colonies of Melipona bicolor (Apidae, Meliponini): effects of season, colony size and queen number (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Research. 2009, 8 (2): 664–671 [2021-09-26]. PMID 19554765. doi:10.4238/vol8-2kerr029. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-02-02). 

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