极北蝰
极北蝰
科学分类
界:
动物界 Animalia
门:
脊索动物门 Chordata
纲:
爬行綱 Reptilia
目:
有鳞目 Squamata
亚目:
蛇亚目 Serpentes
科:
蝰科 Viperidae
属:
蝰属 Vipera
种:
极北蝰 V. berus
二名法
Vipera berus
異名
列表
[Coluber ] berus Linnaeus , 1758
[Coluber ] Chersea Linnaeus , 1758
Coluber prester Linnaeus, 1761
Coluber vipera Anglorum Laurenti , 1768
Coluber Melanis Pallas , 1771
Coluber Scytha Pallas, 1773
C [oluber ]. Scytha — Bonnaterre , 1790
Vipera melanis — Sonnini & Latreille , 1801
Vipera berus — Daudin , 1803
Vipera chersea — Daudin, 1803
Vipera prester — Daudin, 1803
[Coluber ] Caeruleus Sheppard, 1804
Vipera communis Leach , 1817
Coluber chersea var. marasso Pollini , 1818
[Pelias ] berus — Merrem , 1820
[Vipera ] marasso — Sette, 1821
Vipera limnaea Bendiscioli, 1826
Vipera trilamina Millet , 1828
[Pelias ] Chersea — Wagler , 1830
Vipera torva Lenz, 1832
Pelias dorsalis Gray , 1842
V [ipera ]. Prester var. gagatina Freyer , 1842
Echidnoides trilamina — Mauduyt, 1844
Vipera Pelias Soubeiran, 1855
Pelias berus var. Prester — Günther , 1858
Pelias berus var. Chersea — Günther, 1858
P [elias berus ]. Var. dorsalis — Cope , 1860
P [elias berus ]. Var. niger Cope, 1860
V [ipera ]. (Pelias ) berus — Jan , 1863
V [ipera ]. (Pelias ) berus var. prester — Jan, 1863
V [ipera ]. (Pelias ) berus var. lymnaea — Jan, 1863
Pelias Chersea — Erber, 1863
Pelias berus — Erber, 1863
Vipera berus var. prester — Jan & Sordelli, 1874
Vipera berus [berus ] — Boettger , 1889
[Vipera berus ] var. montana Méhelÿ , 1893
Vipera berus — Boulenger , 1896
Pelias berus lugubris Kashehenko, 1902
Vipera berus pelias — Chabanaud, 1923
[Vipera (Pelias ) berus ] forma brunneomarcata A.F. Reuss, 1923
[Vipera (Pelias ) berus ] forma luteoalba A.F. Reuss, 1923
[Vipera (Pelias ) berus ] forma ochracea asymmetrica A.F. Reuss, 1923
[Vipera (Pelias ) berus ] rudolphi-marchica A.F. Reuss, 1924
[Vipera (Pelias ) berus ] forma bilineata A.F. Reuss, 1924
Vipera (Pelias ) berus forma chersea-splendens A.F. Reuss, 1925
Vipera (Pelias ) berus forma ochracea-splendens A.F. Reuss, 1925
Vipera (Pelias ) berus forma rutila A.F. Reuss, 1925
Vipera (Pelias ) berus forma punctata A.F. Reuss, 1925
Coluber sachalinensis continentalis Nikolski , 1927
P [elias ]. sudetica A.F. Reuss, 1927 (nomen nudum )
V [ipera ]. berus marchici A.F. Reuss, 1927
Vipera berus rudolphi A.F. Reuss, 1927 (nomen nudum )
Vipera berus berus — Mertens & L. Müller , 1928
[Pelias ] elberfeldi A.F. Reuss, 1929
Pelias rudolphi — A.F. Reuss, 1930
Pelias schöttleri A.F. Reuss, 1930
P [elias ]. tyrolensis A.F. Reuss, 1930
Pelias schreiberi A.F. Reuss, 1930
Pelias flavescens A.F. Reuss, 1930 (nomen nudum )
Pelias subalpina A.F. Reuss, 1930 (nomen nudum )
Pelias neglecta A.F. Reuss, 1932
Vipera berus sphagnosa Krassawzef , 1932
Pelias occidentalis A.F. Reuss, 1933
Pelias occidentalis oldesloensis A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum )
Pelias occidentalis orbensis A.F. Reuss, 1933 (nomen nudum )
Pelias sudetica forma steinii A.F. Reuss, 1935 (nomen nudum )
Vipera marchici — A.F. Reuss, 1935
Pelias sudetica steinii forma emarcata A.F. Reuss, 1937 (nomen illegitimum )
Vipera (Vipera ) berus berus — Obst , 1983
Vipera berus forma brunneomarcata — Golay et al., 1993
Vipera berus forma ochracea-asymmetrica — Golay et al., 1993
Vipera berus forma luteoalba — Golay et al., 1993
Pelias schoettleri — Golay et al., 1993
Coluber coeruleus — Golay et al., 1993
Vipera berus — Golay et al., 1993 [ 2]
极北蝰 (学名 :Vipera berus )为蝰属 的一種毒蛇 ,俗名龙纹蝰 。分布于中亚和北亚森林草原地区、欧洲北部和中部山区以及中国大陆 的新疆 、吉林 等地,多生活于温带、寒带的林区和草原草甸区、阔叶林、针叶林、混交林及沼泽地以及以树根洞穴中或石块下为其隐蔽场所。其生存的海拔上限为2700米。该物种的模式产地在欧洲。
分類
它有三個亞種:[ 3]
特征
體長一般為55 cm(22英寸)[ 4] ,不同地區的個體大小也不同。最大的個體發現於斯堪的納維亞,長90 cm(35英寸)。其體重在50—180克(1.8—6.3盎司)之間[ 5] 。
毒性
毒牙
它是歐洲常見的毒蛇,每年都有人畜被咬案例。光瑞典每年就有約1,300人被咬,其中約12%需要就醫。現有至少八種可用於治療其咬傷的抗蛇毒素 。[ 6]
相比其他蝰蛇來說,极北蝰的毒性並不強。其小鼠半數致死劑量為0.55 mg/kg(靜脈注射)、0.80 mg/kg(腹膜内注射)和6.45 mg/kg(皮下注射)。對人類來說,其咬傷一般並非特別致命。就英國而言,自1876年以來全英只有14人死於极北蝰蛇毒。[ 4]
保護
雌性
包括挪威、丹麥和英國在內的部分歐洲国家禁止捕殺、傷害或交易极北蝰,瑞士也把它列為瀕危物種[ 7] 。但它本身為IUCN 無危物種[ 1] 。
参考文献
^ 1.0 1.1 J.C. Isailovic; M. Vogrin; C. Corti; P. Sá-Sousa; M. Cheylan; J.M. Pleguezuelos; L. Tomović; B. Sterijovski; U. Joger; A. Westerström; B. Borczyk; B. Schmidt; A. Meyer; R. Sindaco; D. Jelić. Vipera berus . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2009: e.T157248A5059709 [13 January 2020] .
^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA , Touré T. (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1 . Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
^ Vipera berus . ITIS . [15 August 2006] .
^ 4.0 4.1 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers . Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89464-877-2 .
^ Olsson, M.; Madsen, T.; Shine, R. Is sperm really so cheap? Costs of reproduction in male adders,Vipera berus . Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1997, 264 (1380): 455–459. JSTOR 50437 . PMC 1688262 . doi:10.1098/rspb.1997.0065 . (includes chart showing range of male mass in one population)
^ Vipera berus antivenoms (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ) at Munich Antivenom Index (页面存档备份 ,存于互联网档案馆 ). Accessed 15 September 2006.
^ Monney JC, Meyer A. (2005). Rote Liste der gefährdeten Reptilien der Schweiz. Hrsg. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL, Bern und Koordinationsstelle für Amphibien- und Reptilienschutz der Schweiz, Bern. BUWAL-Reihe.
Vipera berus Coluber berus