李朝刑書

越南李朝的《刑書》(越南語Luật Hình thư),共三卷,是一部刑律匯編,於1042年由李太宗下令制定。李朝的《刑書》是越南歷史上最早的成文刑書,原書雖佚,但卻影響了日後越南封建王朝的刑法制度,在越南法權史具有重要地位。

制定及頒行

李太宗皇帝

越南李朝的《刑書》是在1042年(李乾符有道四年,十月起改為明道元年) 農曆十月,由太宗皇帝下令編成。在此之前,越南的法律制度尚未成熟,雖已有成文的法律,但都是不成系統的條文,審案時帶有相當的隨意性,沒有統一標準[1]。這一狀態,形成了不少法律問題,據越南史籍《大越史記全書》所載,當時「天下(指李朝領土)獄訟煩擾,法吏拘律文務為深刻,甚者或至枉濫」,李太宗有鑑於此,便下令「中書刪定律令,參酌時世之所適用者,敍其門類,編其條貫,別為一代刑書,使觀者易知,書成,詔頒行之,民以為便」。從此,這部《刑書》起到了「治獄之法,坦然甚明」的作用,李太宗也為此而把年號改為「明道」[2]

另外,據阮朝典籍所稱,這部《刑書》共有三卷,已不傳[3]

歷史意義

越南李朝的制定《刑律》,影響了以後封建王朝的法律制度,陳朝的《刑書》及後黎朝的《洪德法典》,均曾參照此書[4]。據越共學術機關的說法,李朝的《刑書》也是越南國家基礎的重要規章,因它「采用了很多符合於封建刑事法律的一般性的殘酷的刑罰,可是這也為審理案件打下了法理基礎,因而對各級官吏任意玩弄職權起了限制作用。《刑書》的問世是越南法權史上的一件重大事件,證明中央集權國家已具有相對穩定的性質;同時,也建立了相對完備的機構」[1]

參考文獻

引用

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 越南社會科學委員會《越南歷史》,北京人民出版社,166頁。
  2. ^ 吳士連 等:《大越史記全書·李紀·太宗皇帝》,東京大學東洋文化研究所,231頁。
  3. ^ 潘清簡 等:《欽定越史通鑑綱目》正編卷之三,明道元年,「頒刑書」條。
  4. ^ 《東南亞歷史詞典·「李朝刑書」條》,上海辭書出版社,206頁。

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