显性

豆莢中的豌豆。

基因中,顯性(英語:Dominance)是一個基因座中一對等位基因之間的關係,其中一個等位基因的表型會表現出來,掩蓋了同一基因座中另一個等位基因的表現[1][2]。前面的等位基因稱為顯性基因,後者則稱為隱性(英語:Recessive英语Recessive,俄語:Рецессивность俄语Рецессивный признак)基因。對於體染色體(除性染色體外的任何染色體)上的基因來說,其等位基因與所聯繫的性狀可分為體染色體顯性Autosomal Dominant)與體染色體隱性Autosomal Recessive)。顯性是孟德爾遺傳古典遺傳學的關鍵概念。通常顯性等位基因可以轉譯成一個有功能的蛋白質,而隱性等位基因無法轉譯。

顯性的一個經典案例是豌豆種子形狀的遺傳。豌豆的外觀可能是圓滑的或有縐折的,對應於等位基因為Rr。在這個例子當中,會出現3種可能的等位基因組合(基因型),分別是RRRrrrRR的個體會呈現圓滑的豌豆種子,rr的個體則會呈現有縐折的豌豆種子。在Rr的個體當中,等位基因R會掩蓋等位基因r的存在,因此這些個體也會呈現圓滑的豌豆種子。因此,等位基因R對於等位基因r而言為顯性,r對於R則為隱性。通常顯性會用大寫字母表示,隱性則以小寫字母表示,這種表示方式成為廣泛遵循的慣例。

一般來說,當一個基因存在了兩種等位基因版本時(假設為Aa),會有可能出現3種等位基因組合:AAAaaa。如果AAaa的個體(同型合子英语Zygosity)在部分性狀出現不同型態(表型),而Aa的個體(異型合子)則呈現出與AA個體相同的性狀,則等位基因A對於等位基因a而言可稱為顯性,反之則可稱為隱性。

顯性不是單一等位基因的遺傳,而是各個等位基因之間的關連性;其中一個等位基因可能對第二個等位基因產生顯性關連,對第三個等位基因產生隱性關連,對第四個等位基因產生共顯性關連。而且,一個等位基因可能會對一個性狀的特定部分產生顯性,但不會影響此性狀有關的其他基因。顯性與上位作用不同,上位作用是指一個基因中等位基因的表現,會影響另一個不同基因中等位基因的表現[3]

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ dominance. Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. [14 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-24). 
  2. ^ express. Oxford Dictionaries Online. Oxford University Press. [14 May 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-05-28). 
  3. ^ Griffiths AJF; Gelbart WM; Miller JH; et al. Gene Interaction Leads to Modified Dihybrid Ratios. Modern Genetic Analysis. New York: W. H. Freeman & Company. 1999 [2016-01-14]. ISBN 0-7167-3118-5. (原始内容存档于2021-12-10). 

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