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幻方

洛書(九数图),朱熹《周易本義》

幻方,有时又称魔术方阵(其简称“魔方”现一般指立方体魔術方塊)或纵横图,由一组排放在正方形中的整数组成,其每行、每列以及每一条主对角线的和均相等。通常幻方由从的连续整数组成,其中为正方形的行或列的数目。因此阶幻方有列,并且所填充的数为从

幻方可以使用阶方阵来表示,方阵的每行、每列以及两条对角线的和都等于常数,如果填充数为,那么有

幻方简史

《繫辭》云:「河出圖,洛出書,聖人則之。」在宋朝之前,洛書的記述只有文字。

九宮圖實物最早發現於西漢,1977年中國考古學家在安徽阜陽縣雙古堆西漢古墓中發現漢文帝七年(前173年)的太乙九宮占盤,乃是中國漢代幻方的實物。東漢《數術記遺》也有記載。

後來陳摶以降認為河圖洛書的洛書代表九宫图,為个数,而行、列以及两对角线上各自的数之和均为15。

杨辉纵横图

杨辉纵横图

南宋数学家杨辉著《续古摘奇算法》把类似于九宫图图形命名为纵横图,书中列举3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10阶幻方。其中所述三阶幻方构造法:“九子斜排,上下对易,左右相更,四维挺出,戴九履一,左三右七,二四为肩,六八为足”,比法国数学家Claude Gaspar Bachet提出的方法早三百余年。

构造法

根据构造方法的不同,幻方可以分成三类:奇数阶幻方阶幻方和阶幻方,其中自然数阶幻方不存在。幻方构造法主要有:连续摆数法阶梯法(楼梯法)、奇偶数分开的菱形法对称法对角线法比例放大法斯特雷奇法LUX法拉伊尔法(基方、根方合成法)、镶边法相乘法幻方模式等。

奇数阶幻方构造法

Siamese方法(Kraitchik 1942年,pp. 148-149)是构造奇数阶幻方的一种方法,说明如下:

  • 放置在第一行的中间。
  • 顺序将等数放在右上方格中。
  • 当右上方格出界的时候,则由另一边进入。
  • 当右上方格中已经填有数,则把数填入正下方的方格中。
  • 按照以上步骤直到填写完所有个方格。

(由于幻方的对称性,也可以把右上改为右下、左上以及左下等方位)

以下图阶幻方为例,填写在(第一行第三列)的位置上;应当填写在其右上方格即中,由于超出顶边界,所以从最底行进入,即填写在的右上方格中;填写在的右上方格中,由于超出右边界,所以从最左列进入,即填写在的右上方格中;应该填写的方格已经被所占据,因此填写在的正下方格中;按照上面的步骤直到所有数填入。

魔方阵不是唯一的,比如5阶魔方阵还可以是:

偶数阶幻方构造法

阶幻方构造法

对于阶幻方一般都用对调法,制作起来很容易。将它分割成区块,再将其每一个区块的非主副对角线上的各个数关于中心对调即可。
如4阶幻方的排列法:

按如上图排列好,再将非主副对角线上的各个数关于中心对调,即成下图:

八阶幻方构造如下

即:

阶幻方构造法

加边法

阶为例子,先排出阶的幻方,如上图,再将图中每一个数都加上,有下图:

在外围加上一圈格子,把这些数安排在外圈格子内,但要使相对两数之和等于。对于这些数是:
结果如下:

LUX法

在(4M+2)×(4M+2)個方格的適當格點上,先排出2M+1階的幻方。在前M+1行的格點,全部標上「L」;在第M+1行的中間格點標上「U」,其余格點標上「L」;在第M+2行的中间格點標上「L」,其余格點標上「U」;在餘下的M-1行的格點全部標上「X」。將格點上的數乘以4再減4,再按下面的規則加上1至4其中一個數,填入對應的格上:

 4 1    1 4    1 4
  L      U      X
 2 3    2 3    3 2

例子:

[ 68  65  96  93   4   1  32  29  60  57 ]
   17L     24L      1L      8L     15L
[ 66  67  94  95   2   3  30  31  58  59 ]

[ 92  89  20  17  28  25  56  53  64  61 ]
   23L      5L      7L     14L     16L
[ 90  91  18  19  26  27  54  55  62  63 ]

[ 16  13  24  21  49  52  80  77  88  85 ]
    4L      6L     13U     20L     22L
[ 14  15  22  23  50  51  78  79  86  87 ]

[ 37  40  45  48  76  73  81  84  9   12 ]
   10U     12U     19L     21U      3U
[ 38  39  46  47  74  75  82  83  10  11 ]

[ 41  44  69  72  97  100  5  8   33  36 ]
   11X     18X     25X      2X      9X
[ 43  42  71  70  99  98   7  6   35  34 ]

編程語言參考實現

四階幻方全解搜索(C/C++)[1][需要較佳来源]

#include<stdio.h>
int a[17],b[17],m;
void s(int i)
{  /*搜索全部四階幻方,C代碼,運行時間7秒*/
    int n=0,j=0;
    while(++j<17)
        if(!a[j])
        {
            a[b[i]=j]=1;
            switch(i)
            {
                case 1:case 2:case 3:case 5:case 6:case 7:case 9:case 10:s(i+1);break;
                case 11:if(b[6]+b[7]+b[10]+b[11]==34)s(12);break;
                case 4:case 8:case 12:if(b[i-3]+b[i-2]+b[i-1]+b[i]==34)s(i+1);break;
                case 13:if(b[1]+b[5]+b[9]+b[13]==34&&b[4]+b[7]+b[10]+b[13]==34)s(14);break;
                case 14:case 15:if(b[i-12]+b[i-8]+b[i-4]+b[i]==34)s(i+1);break;
                case 16:for(printf("\n"),++m;++n<17;n%4?0:printf("\n"))printf("%2d ",b[n]);
             }
             a[j]=0;
        }
}
int main(void)
{
    s(1);
    printf("四階幻方總數量:%d(含旋轉反射相同)",m);
    return 0;
}

奇數階幻方算法的Java語言實現

/**
* @author: contribute to wikipedia according GNU
* @description:用於創建奇數階的幻方
*/

public class magic_squre_odd {
       static int[][]  matrix;
       static int   n;
       public static void magic_squre_odd_generate()
       { matrix = new int[n][n];
         //所有的數初始化為0

         matrix[0][(n-1)/2] = 1;
         int x = 0,y = (n-1)/2;

         //count:記住已經插入過的數
          for(int count = 2; count<=n*n;count++)
          while(true)
          {
          //先x-1 y+1
        	  x--;
        	  y++;

        	  //判斷是否可以插入
          	  while(true)
                 {//循環判斷是否越界,直到一個地方不越界為止
                    //判斷是否越界:
                    //越上界x<0,則移到最下方x=x+n,y不變; continue
                   if(x<0)
                   {
                   	x += n;
                   	continue;
                   }

                   //越右界y>=n,則y=y-n,x不變;continue
                   if(y>=n)
                   {
                   	y -= n;
                   	continue;
                   }

        	    //循環判斷是否該位置已經有數據,直到找到一個空位
                      //如果有數據,則移到x = x + 2;y = y - 1; continue
                   if (y<0){y+=n;continue;}
                   if(matrix[x][y] != 0 )
                   {
                   	x += 2;y -= 1;
                   	if (x>=n){x-=n;continue;}
                   	if (y<0){y+=n;continue;}
                   	continue;
                   }
                   break;
                 }

                 //將當前的count值賦給選出的空位
                      matrix[x][y]= count;
                      break;
         }
       }

       public static void print()
       {
        	for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
        	{
        		for(int j = 0; j < n; j++)
        	    {
        			//System.out.println(matrix[i][j]);
        			System.out.print(matrix[i][j]);
        			System.out.print("_");
        	    }
        		System.out.println();
        	}
       }

       public  static void main(String[] args)
       {   //手工輸入n的值,並確保為奇數
             n = 11;
           magic_squre_odd_generate();
           print();
       }
}
以下是本算法將n設置為11時得出的11階幻方的構造結果:
68 81 94 107 120 1 14 27 40 53 66
80 93 106 119 11 13 26 39 52 65 67
92 105 118 10 12 25 38 51 64 77 79
104 117 9 22 24 37 50 63 76 78 91
116 8 21 23 36 49 62 75 88 90 103
7 20 33 35 48 61 74 87 89 102 115
19 32 34 47 60 73 86 99 101 114 6
31 44 46 59 72 85 98 100 113 5 18
43 45 58 71 84 97 110 112 4 17 30
55 57 70 83 96 109 111 3 16 29 42
56 69 82 95 108 121 2 15 28 41 54

階幻方算法的Java語言實現

 /**
 * @author: contribute to wikipedia according GNU
 * @description:用於創建4階的幻方
 *
 */

 public class magic_square_4m {

 	/**
 	 * @param args
 	 */
 	static int  matrix[][];
 	static int   n;

 	static void magic_squre_4m_generate()
 	{
 	  //初始化matrix
 		matrix = new int[n][n];

 	  //將matrix裡的位置用數順序排列
 	  int ini = 0;
 	  for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 		  for(int j = 0; j < n; j++)
 			  matrix[i][j] = ++ini;
 		
 	  //輸出對調前的樣子
 	  System.out.println("對調之前的樣子:");
 	  print();
 	
 	  //然後對調(僅對右上方的數進行遍歷)
 	  for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 	      for(int j = i + 1; j < n; j++)
 	      {
 	    	  if(( i != j) && (i + j) != (n -1) )
 	    	  {   //對不在主付對角線上的數關於中心對調
 	    		  int temp;
 	    		  temp = matrix[i][j];
 	    		  matrix[i][j] = matrix[n -1 - i][n - 1 - j];
 	    		  matrix[n -1 - i][n - 1 - j] = temp;
 	    	  }
 		  }
 	}
 	
 	public static void print()
 	{
 		for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
 		{
 			for(int j = 0; j < n; j++)
 		    {
 				System.out.print(matrix[i][j]);
 				System.out.print("_");
 		    }
 			System.out.print("\n");
 		}
 	}
 	
 	public static void main(String[] args) {
         //這裡手動設置n的數值為4,這裡只能設置為4,因為只求4階幻方	
 		n = 4;
 		magic_squre_4m_generate();
 		System.out.println("對調之後的樣子:");
 		print();
 	}
 }
以下是本算法輸出的結果:
對調之前的樣子:
1_2_3_4_
5_6_7_8_
9_10_11_12_
13_14_15_16_
對調之後的樣子:
1_15_14_4_
12_6_7_9_
8_10_11_5_
13_3_2_16_

研究价值

知名华人数学家陈省身曾在数学演讲中说幻方只是一个奇迹,它在数学中没有引起更普遍深刻的影响,不属于“好的数学”。[2]

对幻方的学习和研究一直局限于趣味数学本身,更接近数字游戏或文字游戏,缺乏与主流数学的联系(和璇玑图在中国诗歌中的地位有一些相似)。数学和物理中也有具有更多学术价值的特殊数字方阵,如推动了试验设计研究的拉丁方陣和已有应用的阿达玛矩阵,还有在量子力学中有重要价值的泡利矩阵及其推广版本盖尔曼矩阵魔术方块则可以与群论建立联系(见魔方群),可以作为抽象代数的入门教具,也是计算群论的研究案例之一,并非单纯的几何玩具。高性能的计算机诞生后,幻方、幻星、素数环(prime ring problem)等很多这类需要满足特殊规律的填数问题,只要所需的数字规模不大,都可以考虑通过深度优先搜索算法暴力求解和枚举。

艺术与流行文化

  • 德国画家与雕刻家阿尔布雷希特·丢勒曾在一幅名作《忧郁》(Melencolia I)的角落中画下一个幻方。这个著名的幻方图也被知名工程数学软件MATLAB加入自己的帮助文档中。[來源請求]

参见

參考資料

引用

  1. ^ "所有四阶幻方". [2017-01-11]. (原始内容存档于2017-01-13) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  2. ^ 黄且圆. 陈省身:如何做“好的数学”. 2015年3月2日 [2019年9月29日]. (原始内容存档于2019年9月29日) (中文(中国大陆)). 可惜幻方只是一个奇迹,它在数学中没有引起其他更普遍深刻的影响。相反地,另外一个奇迹,所有的圆、圆的周长和它的直径之比都是一个不变的数,数学上称之为圆周率,记作。这个结果可重要了,因为这个数渗透了整个数学!...幻方只是一个偶然现象,虽很巧妙,但不属于好的数学。  |journal=被忽略 (帮助)

延伸阅读

  • 高治源. 九宫图探秘. 香港天马图书有限公司. 2004 (中文(香港)). 
  • 张道鑫. 素数幻方. 香港天马图书有限公司. 2003 (中文(香港)). 
  • 李杭强. 趣味数学幻方. 香港天马图书有限公司. 2002 (中文(香港)). 
  • 林正禄. 开拓智力的奇方——幻方. 香港天马图书有限公司. 2001 (中文(香港)). 

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2005 biography Khabzela: The Life And Times Of A South African AuthorLiz McGregorCountrySouth AfricaLanguageEnglishGenreBiographyPublisherJacana MediaPublication date2005Media typePrint (paperback)Pages240ISBN1-77009-080-0OCLC64314753 Khabzela: The Life And Times Of A South African is a bestselling 2005 biography written by South African author Liz McGregor about South African disc jockey Fana Khaba (known as Khabzela), who died from AIDS.[1] Khabzela was popular among listeners to …

1915 film by Hugh Ford NiobeScene from the film.Directed byHugh FordEdwin S. PorterScreenplay byEdward A. Paulton (play)Harry Paulton (play)Produced byDaniel FrohmanStarringHazel DawnCharles S. AbbeMaude OdellMarie LeonardReginald DennyIrene HaismanProductioncompanyFamous Players Film CompanyDistributed byParamount PicturesRelease date April 4, 1915 (1915-04-04) CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Niobe is a 1915 American comedy silent film directed by Hugh Ford and Edwin S. Porte…

Dutch baseball player In this Dutch name, the surname is van Driel, not Driel. Baseball player Berry van DrielCuraçao Neptunus – No. 3PitcherBorn: (1984-12-26) 26 December 1984 (age 38)The Hague, NetherlandsBats: RightThrows: Right Medals Men's Baseball Representing  Netherlands Baseball World Cup 2011 Panama City National team European Baseball Championship 2016 Hoofddorp National team Haarlem Baseball Week 2016 Haarlem National team World Port Tournament 2013 Rotterdam National te…

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic. Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 395 articles in…

Willem Frederik Reinier Suringar (1868) Willem Frederik Reinier Suringar (Leeuwarden, 28 dicembre 1832 – Leida, 12 luglio 1898) è stato un botanico olandese. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Opere principali 3 Note 4 Altri progetti 5 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Nel 1857 ottenne il dottorato di ricerca presso l'Università di Leida, dove in seguito servì come professore associato di botanica (1857-1862). Nel 1862 succedette a Willem Hendrik de Vriese come professore di botanica a Leida, posizione che …

Swiss chemical company Ciba Specialty ChemicalsTypePublic limited companyIndustryChemicalsPredecessorsCiba-Geigy, SandozFounded1997 as spin out of NovartisDefunct15 September 2008FateAcquired by BASFSuccessorBASF Schweiz AG, ZurichHeadquartersBasel, SwitzerlandProductsplastics, chemicalsOwnerBASFParentBASF Performance Products Limited Ciba was a chemical company based in and near Basel, Switzerland. Ciba stood for Chemische Industrie Basel (Chemical Industries Basel) and was formed when the non-…

Subspecies of amphibian Rocky Mountain toad Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Amphibia Order: Anura Family: Bufonidae Genus: Anaxyrus Species: A. woodhousii Subspecies: A. w. woodhousii Trinomial name Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii(Girard, 1854) Synonyms Bufo woodhousii woodhousiiGirard, 1854 The Rocky Mountain toad or western Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii woodhousii) is a subspecies in the Woodhouse's toad subgroup. It can be…

Naval Strategic Forces CommandBadge of the Pakistan NavyActive24 June 2004; 19 years ago (2004-06-24)Country PakistanBranch Pakistan NavyTypeCommand and control (C2)RoleStrategic deterrenceSea-based Second-strikeSize ☓☓ Division (Though, it is vary due to troops rotations based on strategic calculus)Headquarters/GarrisonNavy HQ in IslamabadCommandersCommanderV-Adm. Abdul SamadMilitary unit The Pakistan Navy Strategic Forces Command (reporting name: NSFC)…

El Mercado Central de Montevideo, originalmente conocido como Mercado Nuevo, fue un antiguo mercado de abasto ubicado en la Ciudad Vieja de Montevideo. El edificio original fue inaugurado el 1 de abril de 1869, siendo demolido en 1966 y reemplazado por un nuevo edificio.[1]​ Historia Primitivo edificio del Mercado Central de Montevideo El primitivo edificio del Mercado Central, un mercado minorista el cual vendía productos agropecuarios y marítimos fue fundado en 1869, obra del arquitect…

International Festival of Lyric SingingTrujillo Main SquareGenreClassical musicLocation(s)Trujillo cityYears active1996 - presentWebsitehttp://www.concursocantotrujillo.org/ The Festival of Lyric Singing is an international festival held in the Peruvian city of Trujillo. This festival takes place in November of every year and it is a competition of singers from several countries.[1][2] In 2011 the 15th edition of this festival took place. Description In the Historic Centre of Tru…

Lists of South Korean films by year ← 2009 2010 2011 → Korean Animation Full list . . Pre-1948 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 •00000•00000…

Albanian 17th-century Roman Catholic bishop For other uses, see Bardhi. Most ReverendFrang BardhiBishop of SapëFrang Bardhi on a 1993 Albanian stampChurchCatholic ChurchIn office1635–1644PredecessorGiorgio BianchiSuccessorGiorgio BianchiOrdersConsecration30 Mar 1636by Ciriaco RocciPersonal detailsBorn1606Kallmet or Nënshat in the northern Albanian Zadrima region near LezhëDied1643 (aged 36–37) Frang Bardhi (Latin: Franciscus Blancus, Italian: Francesco Bianchi, 1606–1643) …

Tōfuku-ji東福寺Main HallAgamaAfiliasiTōfuku-ji Rinzai, FukeDewaShaka Nyorai (Śākyamuni)StatusKuil utama, Kuil Lima Gunung (Kyoto)LokasiLokasi15-Chōme 778 Honmachi, Higashiyama-ku, Kyōto, Prefektur KyotoNegaraJapanKoordinat34°58′37.38″N 135°46′26.74″E / 34.9770500°N 135.7740944°E / 34.9770500; 135.7740944Koordinat: 34°58′37.38″N 135°46′26.74″E / 34.9770500°N 135.7740944°E / 34.9770500; 135.7740944ArsitekturDibangun o…

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